高炉铁口孔道侵蚀过程的模拟

从流体动力学的角度出发,建立高炉出铁口处流动的数学模型.基于对孔口出流出口处流线公式的推导并作适当修正,计算出铁时铁口孔道的侵蚀形状,并描述了侵蚀过程.通过水模型实验和模拟计算的方法分别模拟出侵蚀过程.实验与模型假设较为符合,可以为铁口区的维护以及推荐适宜的打泥量提供参考.     

A Simple Method for Obtaining Kinetic Equations to Describe the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biopolymers

A procedure to obtain the overall rate of hydrolysis of biopolymers is proposed, based on the fitting of the experimental data x=f(t) to cubic spline functions and from these, by differentiation, to obtain dx/dt. The values of these dx/dt slopes are an exclusive function of the conversion, x, when E₀, S₀, pH and temperature are constant. The fitting of dx/dt versus x leads to equations of the type dxdt=a · x exp(-b · x) for the glucoamylase–starch system, where b=8·75 and a=f(E₀, T).     

Effect of Heat Treatment Upon the Chemical Composition of Cottonseed Meal and Upon the Reactivity of Cottonseed Condensed Tannins

The effects of heat treatment on the chemical composition of cottonseed meal (CSM), with or without the addition of cottonseed hulls (containing condensed tannins; CT), and upon reactivity of the CT were studied. Heat was applied in a forced draught oven at 100°C for 2 h. Fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-available lysine, free gossypol, extractable- and bound-CT concentrations, in vitro total nitrogen (N) solubility and the in vitro rumen degradation of the two major seed proteins (52 and 48 kDa) present in cottonseed kernel (which does not contain CT) were determined. The reactivity of CT was assessed by determining N solubility and rumen degradation of cottonseed kernel proteins in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG; molecular weight (MW) 3500), which binds and inactivates CT. Heat treatment reduced the concentrations of free gossypol and FDNB-available lysine by small amounts, reduced measurable total CT content by 13%, reduced the solubility of total N, and reduced potential degradability of the 52 and 48 kDa cottonseed storage proteins by mixed rumen microorganisms. Addition of hulls further depressed solubility of total N and ruminal degradation of the two major storage proteins in cottonseed kernel. The action of PEG in vitro indicated that only part of the depression caused by hull addition could be explained by the presence of CT in the hulls, and that the effects of CT upon N solubility and potential degradability in heated CSM were similar to that in unheated CSM. Addition of hulls also substantially reduced FDNB-available lysine. In commercially produced materials, CSM from the Brisbane mill had a lower total CT content, lower N solubility and lower ruminal protein degradation rate than CSM from the Narrabri mill, but a similar level of FDNB-available lysine. Although application of heat inactivated 13% of the total CT, such that it could no longer be extracted and detected with butanol/HCl, it did not seem to change the overall effects produced by CT in reducing N solubility and protein degradation. The effect of hull addition in reducing available lysine has considerable relevance for feeding CSM to monogastric livestock. Interactions involving heat, hulls and CT need to be further studied.     

The DMACA–HCl Protocol and the Threshold Proanthocyanidin Content for Bloat Safety in Forage Legumes

A protocol using HCl-acidified 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) was developed for screening proanthocyanidins (PA) in plants. Individual PA-containing cells could be observed following staining of decolourised leaves with DMACA. The quantitative assay using DMACA-HCl to detect soluble PA and butanol–HCl to detect insoluble PA could detect PA content lower than 0·4 mg g⁻¹ dry matter (DM). The DMACA–HCl protocol is recommended for PA detection in low-PA plants because of its higher sensitivity than vanillin–acid protocols. Twenty-two forage legume species, most of which had been reported free of leaf PA but bloat-safe, were re-examined using the DMACA–HCl protocol. PA-positive cells were observed in leaves of 15 species. Measurable amounts of PA were detected in leaves of seven species, with the PA content ranging from 0·6 to 11 mg g⁻¹ DM. White clover ( Trifolium repens L), red clover ( T pratense L) and lucerne ( Medicago sativa L) were also found to have PA-positive leaf trichomes. By analysis of these data and the literature, the threshold PA content for bloat safety in forage legumes was estimated to be 1–5 mg PA g⁻¹ DM.     

The Extractable and Bound Condensed Tannin Content of Leaves from Tropical Tree,Shrub and Forage Legumes

The extractable, protein-bound and fibre-bound condensed tannin (CT) concentrations in the leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia were determined by the butanol–HCl method, whilst extractable CT was also determined by the vanillin–HCl method. With the exception of Senna siamea all species contained CT. The very high CT concentration found in many plants growing in Colombia may have been partly due to soil fertility being much lower at the Colombian than the Northern Australian site. Acacia boliviana , Arachis pintoi , Centrosema latidens , Senna velutina and Gliricidia sepium contained <55 g total CT kg⁻¹ DM, which suggests that they could comprise a reasonable proportion of ruminant diets. All other species grown in South America contained 100–240 g CT kg⁻¹ DM, which suggests that they should only be fed in small amounts as supplements to dilute the CT concentration. Leucaena species and Calliandra calothyrsus grown in Northern Australia contained intermediate concentrations of total CT (60–90 g kg⁻¹ DM). Most species contained 70–95% of total CT as extractable CT, with the exception of Flemingia macrophylla , where 60% was extractable and 40% bound, and Gliricidia sepium , where almost all the CT was bound to protein. Values for Flemingia macrophylla differed between accessions. Extractable CT determined with vanillin–HCl was generally higher than extractable CT determined with butanol–HCl. Three accessions showed negligible (<1 g kg⁻¹ DM) extractable CT with butanol–HCl but 10–12 g extractable CT kg⁻¹ DM with vanillin–HCl. Two accessions showed undetectable levels of extractable CT but substantial levels of protein-bound CT, illustrating the importance of using a bound CT method for identifying forages containing CT. Relative to freeze drying, oven drying of Leucaena species reduced the concentration of extractable CT and increased concentrations of bound CT. The significance of the results for the nutrition of ruminant livestock are discussed, including the possible roles of protein-bound and fibre-bound CT.     

悬臂结构地震响应分析的广义单自由度模型研究

针对有限元方法存在计算时间过长的缺点,不适用于需要多次响应分析的结构抗震性能评估问题。进行了悬臂结构线性地震响应分析的广义单自由度模型研究,提出了多项式形函数和基于多项式形函数的单自由度模型,并通过与有限元分析结果的对比分析,调查了基于多项式形函数的单自由度模型对典型地震波激励下结构响应分析的有效性。结果表明：提出的基于多项式形函数的广义单自由度模型平均误差为7.20%,为提高建模准确性,建议采用水平集中荷载施加方法进行多项式形函数参数估计。     

Characteristics of interfacial profiles in upward and downward gas-liquid two-phase plug flow

Gas-liquid interfacial profiles in plug flow for both upward and downward flows were obtained using semi-supermultiple point-electrode probes, comprising 67 sensing tips arranged on a tube diameter. Typical interfacial profiles are demonstrated for both flows. Close inspection of the profiles reveals that four zones exist in a pair of gas and liquid slugs for upward plug flow and a high slip velocity region in downward plug flow. The lengths of the swelling liquid front zone and the wake zone were determined. The length of the wake zone strongly depends on the relative velocity between the liquid film around the gas slug and the liquid phase in the liquid slug. Characteristic distributions of bubbles within liquid slugs were found, i.e., three types of radial distributions of void fraction, namely saddle-shaped, trapezoidal and bullet-shaped distributions, exist for upward flow. The two types for downward flow exclude the saddle-shaped distribution. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25 (8): 568–579, 1996     

交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中的电树枝与绝缘结构亚微观缺陷

半结晶高聚物中的电树枝特性远比纯脆性或柔性聚合物复杂,源于材料中的结晶区和无定形区两相共存.在厚绝缘交联聚乙烯(XLPE)中还存在不均匀结晶和微孔高度集中,以及残存应力,导致电树枝特性更加复杂.本文提出利用生长速度比和扩展系数两个新参数来研究XLPE中的电树枝生长规律.根据XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝结构特征和生长特性,研究了电树枝的影响因素和绝缘中的四种亚微观绝缘结构弱点,分析了微孔集中、大球晶边界及结晶排渣、应力、电场局部集中所导致的电树枝在绝缘内侧的迅速扩展现象,提出了超高压XLPE电缆发展所必须解决的亚微观绝缘结构缺陷在电缆绝缘内侧集中问题及其对策.     

超声波探伤在网架球接点焊缝缺陷检测中的应用

介绍了超声波探伤技术在检测网架球接点焊缝缺陷中存在的问题;通过对超声波探头、灵敏度专用标准当量试块和参考试块以及超声波探伤工艺等的改进,提高了球接点网架焊缝缺陷的检出率。     

密码理论算法综述

概要介绍了密码理论算法的发展现状,重点讨论了密码算法中的布尔函数,最后总结了各种密码体制的应用。