Tuning stoichiometry of high-entropy oxides for tailorable thermal expansion coefficients and low thermal conductivity

Thermal barrier coating materials with proper thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), low thermal conductivity, and good high-temperature stability are of great significance for their applications in next-generation turbine engines. Herein, we report a new class of high-entropy (La_0.2Sm_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2Y_0.2)₂Ce_xO_3+2x with different Ce⁴⁺ contents synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. They exhibit different crystal structures at different Ce⁴⁺ content, including a bixbyite single phase without Ce⁴⁺ doping (x = 0), bixbyite-fluorite dual-phase in the RE₂O₃-rich region (0 < x < 2), and fluorite single phase in the stoichiometric (x = 2) and CeO₂-rich region (x > 2). The high-entropy (La_0.2Sm_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2Y_0.2)₂Ce_xO_3+2x exhibit tailorable TECs at a large range of 9.04 × 10^–6–13.12 × 10^–6 °C^–1 and engineered low thermal conductivity of 1.79–2.63 W·m^–1·K^–1. They also possess good sintering resistance and high-temperature phase stability. These results reveal that the high-entropy (La_0.2Sm_0.2Er_0.2Yb_0.2Y_0.2)₂Ce_xO_3+2x are promising candidates for thermal barrier coating materials as well as thermally insulating materials and refractories.     

Thermal conductivity measurements and molecular association in a series of alcohol vapors: Methanol,ethanol, isopropanol,and t-butanol

Thermal conductivity measurements on the vapors of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and t-butanol are reported as a function of temperature (330–420 K) and pressure (11–240 kPa). The thermal conductivity versus pressure isotherms for all four alcohols exhibit upward curvatures at the lower temperatures and nearly linear increases at higher temperatures. This behavior is indicative of a dimeric species and one or more polymeric clusters in the vapor in addition to the monomer. Quantum mechanical calculations have indicated that tetramers are the most likely polymeric species. Detailed analyses of the data provide thermodynamic data (H,S) for the dimerization and tetramerization reactions and show interesting correlations with the size of the monomer unit.     

Al_2O_3粒径与形貌对尼龙复合材料导热性能影响研究

以尼龙(PA)为基体、三氧化二铝(Al2O3)为导热填料经熔融共混、模压成型后制得尼龙导热复合材料。通过扫描电子显微镜、导热分析仪对复合材料微观形貌、导热性能进行表征。结果表明,Al2O3在尼龙基体中具有良好的分散性;Al2O3填料含量、粒径和形貌都对复合材料导热率有影响,当粒径为5μm的片状Al2O3的填充量达到50%(质量分数)时,其导热率可达0.838 W/(m·K);不同形貌的Al2O3填料复配使用可以有效构建导热通路、提高复合材料热扩散系数,但会降低材料热容、使复合材料导热系数减小。     

膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料有效导热系数的数值计算

通过膨胀石墨粉与石蜡混合制备相变复合材料可有效提高该储能材料的传热性能。为研究膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的导热机制,提出了膨胀石墨粉与石蜡混合后的3尺度层次固体有效导热系数计算方法。然后,通过数值模拟计算得到了具有不同体积分数和不同导热系数的膨胀石墨导热颗粒的膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数。结果表明:膨胀石墨能够有效地提高石蜡的导热性能,当膨胀石墨的体积分数为10%时,膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数是纯石蜡的9倍。此外,提高底层尺度的石墨片与石蜡的混合程度及降低底层尺度石墨的体积分数都能有效提高膨胀石墨/石蜡相变复合材料的有效导热系数。所得结论为探究膨胀石墨粉提高相变复合材料导热系数的机理奠定了基础。     

轻质高效保温材料掺杂硅气凝胶

利用正硅酸甲脂（ＴＭＯＳ）为原料的溶胶－凝胶过程，摸索了不同反应条件下形成凝胶的规律，并选用ＴｉＯ２粉末及玻璃纤维作为掺杂剂，采用超临界干燥处理制备出掺ＴｉＯ２的硅气凝胶，通过对红外光谱以及不同温度和气压条件下热导率的测量，讨论了不同成份配比以及相应的热传输过程对材料热导率的影响。结果表明，密度为２６０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３的掺杂硅气凝胶在８００Ｋ时的热导率为０．０３８ｗ／ｍ．ｋ，是一种新型的轻质高效保温材     

Extension of soil thermal conductivity models to frozen meats with low and high fat content

Thermal conductivity models of frozen soils were analyzed and compared with similar models developed for frozen foods. In total, eight thermal conductivity models and 54 model versions were tested against experimental data of 13 meat products in the temperature range from 0 to −40 °C. The model by deVries, with water+ice (wi) as the continuous phase, showed overall the best predictions. The use of wi leads generally to improved predictions in comparison to ice; water as the continuous phase is beneficial only to deVries model, mostly from −1 to −20 °C; fat is advantageous only to meats with high fat content. The results of this work suggest that the more sophisticated way of estimating the thermal conductivity for a disperse phase in the deVries model might be more appropriate than the use of basic multi-phase models (geometric mean, parallel, and series). Overall, relatively small differences in predictions were observed between the best model versions by deVries, Levy, Mascheroni, Maxwell or Gori as applied to frozen meats with low content of fat. These differences could also be generated by uncertainty in meat composition, temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of ice, measurement errors, and limitation of predictive models.     

一种基于双频率电导率测量方法的研究

提出了一种水电导率的双频率测量方法.该方法通过在电导池上施加两个合适的正弦频率信号,测出两种频率下的阻抗的模,由处理单元解算出水的实际电阻,再由公式求得被测溶液电导率值.双频测定法不存在理论误差,消除了交流测定法中电容效应和极化效应给电导率测量精度带来的影响,能实现精确测量的目的.     

500kv覆冰绝缘子串的工频和操作冲击电压特性试验

为了给重冰地区的500kV输电线路的绝缘设计提供依据,在武汉水利电力学院高压实验室建立了大型人工覆冰装置,对500kV线路绝缘子进行了一系列人工覆冰和放电试验。结果表明,覆冰绝缘子串的电气强度与覆冰受污染的程度有极大关系。当覆冰融化水的电导率(γ)较大时,27片XP—21或28片XP—16的500kV绝缘子串无论工频还是操作冲击闪络电压都有很大的降低,在额定耐受试验电压下已有可能发生闪络,但当覆冰是清洁的,其γ<75μS/cm时,则仍有足够的抗电强度。试验还确定了覆冰类型、电压极性、串长等因素对放电电压的影响。得出了长串的工频耐受电压梯度低于短串的结论。这就解释了为什么冰闪事故大多发生在超高压线路而在较低电压线路中很少发生的现象。文中还对覆冰绝缘子长串的放电规律和闪络机理进行了分析,提出了新的观点。     

无机固体电解质用于锂及锂离子蓄电池的研究进展Ⅱ玻璃态锂无机固体电解质

玻璃态锂无机固体电解质用于锂及锂离子蓄电池具有安全、循环性能好和电化学阻抗小等突出优点.分类介绍了玻璃态锂无机固体电解质的组成与导锂机理,归纳了提高其导电性的方法,如添加锂盐、使用混合网络形成物和形成玻璃-陶瓷电解质等.展望了这类电解质材料在锂及锂离子蓄电池中的应用前景.     

Rigid polyurethane foams made from high viscosity soy‐polyols

This study investigated the physical properties of water‐blown rigid polyurethane (PU) foams made from VORANOL®490 (petroleum‐based polyether polyol) mixed with 0–50% high viscosity (13,000–31,000 cP at 22°C) soy‐polyols. The density of these foams decreased as the soy‐polyol percentage increased. The compressive strength decreased, decreased and then increased, or remained unchanged and then increased with increasing soy‐polyol percentage depending on the viscosity of the soy‐polyol. Foams made from high viscosity (21,000–31,000 cP) soy‐polyols exhibited similar or superior density‐compressive strength properties to the control foam made from 100% VORNAOL® 490. The thermal conductivity of foams containing soy‐polyols was slightly higher than the control foam. The maximal foaming temperatures of foams slightly decreased with increasing soy‐polyol percentage. Micrographs of foams showed that they had many cells in the shape of sphere or polyhedra. With increasing soy‐polyol percentage, the cell size decreased, and the cell number increased. Based on the analysis of isocyanate content and compressive strength of foams, it was concluded that rigid PU foams could be made by replacing 50% petroleum‐based polyol with a high viscosity soy‐polyol resulting in a 30% reduction in the isocyanate content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013