Species‐specific fish larvae drift in anthropogenically constructed riparian zones on the Vienna impoundment of the River Danube,Austria: Species occurrence,frequencies, and seasonal patterns based on DNA barcoding

As a result of river regulations over several centuries, followed by restoration measures in recent decades, most of the River Danube shoreline is man‐made, primarily riprap, but some reconstructed gravel banks and riparian side arms. We investigated the effects of these different structures on fish larval dispersal over a 20‐km stretch in Vienna via the use of drift nets. The habitats examined were created 18 years ago when the impoundment of the Danube hydropower station Vienna/Freudenau was constructed. About 15,000 fish larvae were trapped, and a subsample was determined to species level by DNA barcoding. In total, 26 different species were detected, including 10 species that are endangered or in danger of extinction. When species composition was considered, cyprinids become dominant at sites downstream of gravel bars, whereas in riprap sections, the majority of the larvae consist of invasive Gobiidae. Side arm habitats provide spawning and nursery grounds for additional species. Furthermore, clear species‐related seasonal patterns were observed with peak densities and multiple spawning periods of some species being recorded. The largest peak of Percidae occurred in the first half of May, followed by Cyprinidae at the end of May and Gobiidae in mid‐June.     

Using the Manhattan distance for computing the multiobjective Markov chains problem

This paper presents a novel method for computing the multi-objective problem in the case of a metric state space using the Manhattan distance. The problem is restricted to a class of ergodic controllable finite Markov chains. This optimization approach is developed for converging to an optimal solution that corresponds to a strong Pareto optimal point in the Pareto front. The method consists of a two-step iterated procedure: (a) the first step consists on an approximation to a strong Pareto optimal point and, (b) the second step is a refinement of the previous approximation. We formulate the problem adding the Tikhonov's regularization method to ensure the convergence of the cost-functions to a unique strong point into the Pareto front. We prove that there exists an optimal solution that is a strong Pareto optimal solution and it is the closest solution to the utopian point of the Pareto front. The proposed solution is validated theoretically and by a numerical example considering the vehicle routing planning problem.     

Nanostructured Metal–Organic Conjugated Coordination Polymers with Ligand Tailoring for Superior Rechargeable Energy Storage

Conjugated coordination polymers have become an emerging category of redox‐active materials. Although recent studies heavily focus on the tailoring of metal centers in the complexes to achieve stable electrochemical performance, the effect on different substitutions of the bridging bonds has rarely been studied. An innovative tailoring strategy is presented toward the enhancement of the capacity storage and the stability of metal–organic conjugated coordination polymers. Two nanostructured d‐π conjugated compounds, Ni[C₆H₂(NH)₄]_n (Ni‐NH) and Ni[C₆H₂(NH)₂S₂]_n (Ni‐S), are evaluated and demonstrated to exhibit hybrid electrochemical processes. In particular, Ni‐S delivers a high reversible capacity of 1164 mAh g^?1, an ultralong stability up to 1500 cycles, and a fully recharge ability in 67 s. This tailoring strategy provides a guideline to design future effective conjugated coordination‐polymer‐based electrodes.     

Preparation,characterization and in vitro anticancer activity of paclitaxel conjugated magnetic nanoparticles

In this study, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with L-aspartic acid (F-Asp NPs) were synthesized through a co-precipitation method and conjugated with paclitaxel (PTX) (F-Asp-PTX NPs) by esterification reaction between the carboxylic acid end groups on MNPs surface and the hydroxyl groups of the PTX and studied its cytotoxic effect in vitro. The successful conjugating of PTX onto the nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results showed that the average size was 46.11?±?7.8 (mean?±?SD (n?=?25)) nm. The cytotoxicity of void of PTX and F-Asp-PTX NPs were compared to each other by MTT assay of the treated MCF-7 cell line. The F-Asp-PTX NPs showed pH-dependent drug release behavior. These studies specify that F-Asp-PTX NPs have a very remarkable anticancer effect, for breast cancer cell line.     

Assessing the economic and environmental impact of remanufacturing: a decision support tool for OEM suppliers

The circular economy is often presented as a solution for companies to increase the sustainability of their business. In many situations where suppliers produce subassemblies or modules for OEMs in a B2B context, dependency on their clients limits their options for profitable closed-loop supply chains. In this paper, we develop a simple tool suppliers can use to quickly assess whether remanufacturing is economic and environmentally attractive compared to producing new components. We derive optimal acquisition and reuse quantities that minimise total costs. Based on our analysis with a supplier in the automotive industry, we find that used core prices and remanufacturing yield rates have a large impact while an optimised design for remanufacturing can only marginally improve the situation. The tool is applicable to a wide variety of suppliers and industries that remanufacture their modules or subassemblies, or are exploring the option to engage in remanufacturing operations.     

Approaching Intra‐ and Interchain Charge Transport of Conjugated Polymers Facilely by Topochemical Polymerized Single Crystals

Charge transport of small molecules is measured well with scanning tunneling microscopy, conducting atomic force microscopy, break junction, nanopore, and covalently bridging gaps. However, the manipulation and measurement of polymer chains remain a long‐standing fundamental issue in conjugated polymers and full of challenge since conjugated polymers are naturally disordered materials. Here, a fundamental breakthrough in generating high‐quality conjugated‐polymer nanocrystals with extended conjugation and exceptionally high degrees of order using a surface‐supported topochemical polymerization method is demonstrated. In the crystal the conjugated‐polymer chains are extended along the long axis of the crystal with the side chains perpendicular to the long axis. Devices with conducting channels along the polymer chains show efficient charge transport, nearly two orders of magnitude greater than the interchain charge transport along the π–π stacking direction. This is the first example to clarify intra‐ and interchain charge transport based on an individual single crystal of conjugated polymers, and demonstrate the importance of intrachain charge transport in plastic electronics.     

Exploring the Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers

Conjugated polymers came to an unprecedented epoch that the charge transport is limited only by small disorder within aggregated domains. Accurate evaluation of transport performance is thus vital to optimizing further molecule design. Yet, the routine method by means of the conventional field‐effect transistors may not satisfy such a requirement. Here, it is shown that the extrinsic effects of Schottky barrier, access transport through semiconductor bulk, and concurrent ambipolar conduction seriously influence transport analysis. The planar transistors incorporating ohmic contacts free of access and ambipolar conduction afford an ideal access to charge transport. It is found, however, that only the planar transistors operating in low‐field regime are reliable to explore the inherent transport properties due to the energetic disorder lowering by the lateral field induced by high drain voltage. This work opens up a robust approach to comprehend the delicate charge transport in conjugated polymers so as to develop high‐performance semiconducting polymers for promising plastic electronics.     

Twinned Growth of Metal‐Free,Triazine‐Based Photocatalyst Films as Mixed‐Dimensional (2D/3D) van der Waals Heterostructures

Design and synthesis of ordered, metal‐free layered materials is intrinsically difficult due to the limitations of vapor deposition processes that are used in their making. Mixed‐dimensional (2D/3D) metal‐free van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures based on triazine (C₃N₃) linkers grow as large area, transparent yellow‐orange membranes on copper surfaces from solution. The membranes have an indirect band gap (E _g,opt = 1.91 eV, E _g,elec = 1.84 eV) and are moderately porous (124 m² g^?1). The material consists of a crystalline 2D phase that is fully sp² hybridized and provides structural stability, and an amorphous, porous phase with mixed sp²–sp hybridization. Interestingly, this 2D/3D vdW heterostructure grows in a twinned mechanism from a one‐pot reaction mixture: unprecedented for metal‐free frameworks and a direct consequence of on‐catalyst synthesis. Thanks to the efficient type I heterojunction, electron transfer processes are fundamentally improved and hence, the material is capable of metal‐free, light‐induced hydrogen evolution from water without the need for a noble metal cocatalyst (34 µmol h^?1 g^?1 without Pt). The results highlight that twinned growth mechanisms are observed in the realm of “wet” chemistry, and that they can be used to fabricate otherwise challenging 2D/3D vdW heterostructures with composite properties.     

基于解析法的旁支管共振消声带宽计算

旁支管是应用广泛的共振消声结构。应用解析方法推导旁支管共振结构的传递损失和共振频率计算公式,考虑三维修正,给出旁支管共振消声带宽与各种参数的定量关系,定义消声带宽与共振频率的比值为带宽参数,研究带宽参数与传递损失以及旁支管其他参数的变化关系,最终给出旁支管共振消声带宽计算公式。最后,通过三维有限元方法(Finite Element Method,FEM)计算旁支管的消声带宽并与文中公式结果进行比较,结果显示,两种结果吻合良好,验证了计算公式的可靠性和准确性。