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排序方式: 共有9748条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
生化需氧量(BOD)是表征水中有机污染物含量的重要指标,对水质监测和生化过程控制具有重要意义.总结了构成BOD检测系统的各环节,阐述了BOD微生物传感器中微生物选取、固定化以及换能器等关键技术,分析了不同方法的特点,讨论了目前BOD微生物传感器在研究中遇到的主要问题,并对其发展方向进行了展望. 相似文献
82.
基于接纳控制的智能电网需求响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用效用函数刻画用户的用电满意度, 将需求响应问题建模为一类凸优化问题. 针对电力供应商的供电量不能满足用户最小用电需求的问题, 结合分布式用电量调度和实定价, 设计两类接纳控制算法. 仿真结果表明, 通过接纳控制, 满足了购电用户的最小用电需求, 保证了用户的用电质量, 能够实现电网的供需平衡. 相似文献
83.
Michael C. Ferris 《Optimization methods & software》2016,31(5):1064-1088
We propose a bi-level optimization model for demand response in organized wholesale energy markets. In this model, the lower level performs the economic dispatch of energy and generates the price and the upper level minimizes the total amount of demand response subject to a net benefit requirement. In an economic sense, demand response is a trade of ‘consuming rights’ instead of a sale of energy. Therefore it must be traded separately from the energy market. Although a bi-level optimization model is very hard to solve in general, we demonstrate that realistic power networks have characteristics that can be exploited to reduce the effective size of the problem instance. In particular, we transform the nonconvex net benefit test constraint to an equivalent linear form, and reformulate the nonconvex complementarity conditions of doubly bounded variables using SOS2 constraints. For realistic instances of the MPEC, we employ a three-phase approach that exploits the fast local solution from a nonlinear programming solver as well as LP-based bound strengthening within a mixed integer/SOS2 formulation. The model is tested against various data cases and settings, and generates useful insight for demand response dispatch operations in practice. 相似文献
84.
Exploring the Relationship Between Green Consumption Value,Satisfaction, and Loyalty to Hybrid Car in Elderly Consumers 下载免费PDF全文
The study aimed to examine the relationship between green consumption value, satisfaction, and loyalty of driving hybrid cars among elderly consumers. Data were collected from a cross‐sectional survey of 314 elderly consumers who purchased hybrid cars in the United States. A partial least squares analysis revealed that elderly consumers’ social, price, and quality values positively influenced the satisfaction of their hybrid car experience, and their satisfaction significantly influenced their loyalty of hybrid car. The relationship between green consumption value, satisfaction, and loyalty toward driving hybrid cars among elderly consumers revealed insight into their value orientations toward the hybrid car. Special efforts are suggested in promoting hybrid car use to elderly consumer groups. Marketers should pay attention to changing beliefs and increasing perceived values of driving a hybrid car for consumers to encourage them to use green products. 相似文献
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为了确定水电开发活动对河流水资源的可开发利用率,建立分期展布的河道径流可变区间核算方法,其中河道径流包括河道最小生态需水和河道最大洪流,并以西藏拉萨河为例进行核算。结果表明:拉萨河河道最小生态需水和最大洪流年内动态变化分别为29.5~328.3 m3/s和95.1~1 673.4 m3/s。与河道最小生态需水约束相比,河道径流可变区间约束使得拉萨河年调节型水电开发的水资源可开发利用率从60.2%下降到18.7%。指出对于径流丰枯特征十分明显的季节性河流,大型水利工程在平衡径流季节分布的过程中,应该受河道径流可变区间约束,尤其是枯水期最大洪流约束下河道径流量的可增加空间。 相似文献
89.
计算机网络专业的学生的实训内容通常是与今后的工作相关联的,这种关联的程度越高,说明实训的效果越好,也可以从一个侧面说明教学越成功。所以,实训项目不应该是凭空设想的,也不应该是几年如一日的照搬照抄的,应该是符合市场需求的,与时俱进的。 相似文献
90.
Peter Stone 《Information & Communications Technology Law》2013,22(1):14-26
In a series of rulings given in the last few years, the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) has made use of the concept of targeting by a trader of a particular territorial market as a device for determining the scope of European legislation on private law. The concept is of particular importance in the context of trading activities conducted by means of the Internet, though its significance is not confined to such activities. In particular, the European Court has used the concept of targeting for the purpose of restricting the substantive ambit of intellectual property rights created or harmonised by EU legislation. On the other hand, it has avoided use of the concept of targeting in the context of EU legislation allocating jurisdiction between the courts of the Member States, even in respect of disputes involving intellectual property, except where a legislative text specifically invokes such a concept. The instant paper endeavours to review the position as currently established by the European case-law, and to predict the likely further developments. 相似文献