中国中长期碳减排战略目标初探(Ⅱ)——中国煤炭消费过程的碳排放及减排措施

中国能源领域排放的二氧化碳主要来自煤炭,因此煤炭消费过程中的碳减排措施尤为重要。煤炭的主要用户是发电部门,基于应对气候变化的需要,煤电行业的低碳途径不得不考虑采用CCS技术。不论是新建燃煤电厂,还是今后在传统电厂改建过程中增设CCS设施已是大势所趋,预计多数仍将采用MEA法脱除烟气中二氧化碳这一成熟技术。由于MEA法技术经济指标不够先进,估计10~20年内必将出现更先进的脱二氧化碳工艺技术。传统的燃煤锅炉增加CCS的经济效益已经逊于IGCC-CCS,预计2020年后IGCC电厂将成为新建煤电厂的首选方案。20年后采用临氢气化炉与燃料电池FC发电相结合、把高温的热能和甲烷的化学能直接转化为电力的IGFC高效燃煤电厂或将成功应用,IGFC综合能量转化效率比IGCC相对高出1/2~3/4,发展前景不可低估。钢铁、水泥和化工等高耗煤工业部门可通过节能和采用CCS技术降低碳排放,其余用煤的工业部门和分散用户则应考虑节能或用天然气等低碳燃料替代,间接起到减排效果。预计2050年燃煤发电和高耗煤工业总计将排放二氧化碳4.6Gt,如果二氧化碳捕集量是2.9Gt,则净排放量为1.7Gt。加上其他难以捕集二氧化碳的工业、部门及民用煤排放二氧化碳1.0Gt,合计二氧化碳净排放量为2.7Gt(情景A)。如果采用更先进的技术和严格的节能减排措施,可减少煤炭消耗0.31Gt标煤,减少二氧化碳排放0.5Gt,使煤源二氧化碳净排放量减少到2.2Gt(情景B)。无论哪种情景,实施CCS的任务都十分艰巨。     

Consumer versus management reaction in new package development.

How important is consumer research pertaining to package development? The judgments of designers, management, and consumers, with a total N of 134, were compared using 18 different package designs and using Stephenson's Q sort technique. "Had the packaging decision been made on the basis of recommendation of the design firm and on the pooled judgment of the client's marketing management, the net effect would have been to select designs which would have had the least appeal so far as the consumers sampled were concerned." From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4LO22B. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

读图时代的消费者设计策略

以分析"读图时代"的消费者特征为出发点,简要介绍了当今社会消费者的需求变化,并针对这种需求变化,提出了企业,特别是产品开发部门应产生相应的应对策略,进而得出其核心原则就是"以消费者为核心的策略"。在此基础上,通过对消费受众的分析与受众的参与,进行产品设计开发工作,目的是从企业听取诉求和消费者参与体制2个方面去进行设计管理模式的建立。     

中国部分农村地区食品消费者食品安全知识掌握情况和宣传需求调查分析

目的了解我国部分农村地区消费者食品安全知识掌握情况和宣传需求。方法于2010年4月10日至2010年4月30日,在7个农村地区,通过问卷调查方式,对1742名消费者进行抽样调查。结果 78.6%(1370人)消费者具有较强意愿,接受食品安全知识讲解;消费者对饮食安全、法律法规、标准、食品营养知识、儿童食品安全等方面食品安全知识都具有较强需求;当购买到不安全食品时,13.3%(231/1742)消费者选择向法院诉讼;84.4%(1470人)消费者认为政府部门应该加强科普教育和宣传,提高消费者自我保护意识。结论应更加重视食品安全知识宣传工作的作用,开展高效的、适用性强的食品安全宣传工作,建立良好的投诉机制,不断提高农村地区消费者食品安全认知及维权意识,改善农村食品安全整体环境。     

一起高危客户全厂停电事故的分析及反事故措施

对一起石化企业全厂停电事故进行分析并提出了反事故措施,说明提高客户自身的电气设备运行管理水平、加强供用电双方的配合和沟通对高危客户的安全可靠供用电至关重要。     

浅析10kV配电网的继电保护分析

城市电网中10kV配电网是供电系统的重要组成部分,它的安全稳定运行与我们的生活息息相关。10kV配电网的正常运行不但直接关系到企业生产的正常通畅,更影响到电力系统的健康安全运行。论文从继电保护的重要性入手,分析了电力系统对继电保护的要求及继电保护常见故障,并有针对性的提出解决措施。     

Influence of nutritional knowledge on the use and interpretation of Spanish nutritional food labels

The present study analyzed the nutritional knowledge of Spanish consumers and its relationship with the correct use of food labels. Consumers were asked about their nutritional knowledge and some functional foods and about their understanding of food labeling and their use of it to select healthy food. A 2-part questionnaire was employed. The 1st part concerned their knowledge of nutritional facts, including their knowledge about macronutrients and perception of certain functional foods, while the 2nd part addressed some questions regarding food labels. The results revealed no statistically significant differences in nutritional knowledge by either age or gender, but a direct relationship with educational level. The association between nutritional knowledge and the perception and understanding of food labeling showed that the nutritional label rarely influenced the food purchases of the group with low nutritional knowledge, who considered that this information was too technical. More than half of the consumers did not consider the calorie or sugar content important for selecting food. In addition, the group with low nutritional knowledge stated that they never or rarely looked at the food labels to check whether it was low-fat food that they were buying. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Knowing the status of the consumer's nutritional knowledge allows health campaigns to be designed; considering the influence of cultural factors and the perception of food labeling is very useful for promoting better nutritional information.     

Pricing and inventory carryover strategy considering cost learning effect and strategic consumers

Anticipating the markdown in the future price due to the cost reduction of the firm, more and more consumers tend to delay their purchasing to the later period. Incorporating the strategic behavior of consumers, this paper establishes a two-period production and selling model under dynamic pricing strategy and price commitment strategy respectively, with considering stochastic learning effect in which the firm may or may not have the inventory carryover option. The results show that the firm may hold inventory under dynamic pricing while no inventory is kept under price commitment. Additionally, consumers' patience level enhances the benefit of inventory carryover. Furthermore, for the firm with relatively high farsighted level and low inventory holding cost, the dynamic pricing equipped with inventory carryover outperforms the price commitment strategy. Finally, numerical examples are conducted to analyze the impacts of important parameters on the firm's choice of pricing strategies.     

Danish milk consumers are critical of advanced breeding methods in dairy production,but only 1 in 5 is unwilling to drink milk from dairy cows bred with semen derived from such methods

Assisted reproductive technologies and genetic technologies can accelerate progress in breeding programs in dairy farming, but it is unclear how consumers will react to the use of these technologies. Using representative questionnaire data on Danish citizens (n = 2,036) this cross-sectional study examined consumer attitudes to the application of advanced technologies in dairy cattle breeding. Attitudes were examined in 2 ways. First, we prompted about general attitudes to assisted reproductive technologies and genetic technologies in dairy cow breeding. Here we found that most of the participants were critical of cow impregnation involving hormone therapy and the insertion of cloned fetuses. Second, we used a vignette experiment to study whether acceptance of and willingness to drink milk varies with the type of technique that farmers use for their breeding work, as well as the traits being bred for. We included 5 breeding methods with differing degrees of technological complexity. Participants were randomly assigned to receive tailored information about 1 of the 5 breeding methods. The information specified that dairy farmers' own use of advanced technologies is limited to using semen in artificial insemination on the farm. The potentially concerning technologies are here not applied at farm level but are represented in the semen used in artificial insemination because they were used by breeders on earlier generations of cows and bulls to develop semen with higher genetic merit. There was much less concern about this indirect use of the technologies. Only 1 in 5 participants thought the most advanced method we prompted about (use of semen from breeding methods involving genetic engineering and cloning) was unacceptable. Unwillingness to drink milk from cows produced through such a breeding method was also modest (18%) and not much higher than the unwillingness to drink milk from a cow produced by natural fertilization (10%). A likely reason for the unexpectedly low level of unwillingness to drink milk is that people regard the genetic engineering as distant from the final product. We also found that high-frequency organic milk consumers were more critical of advanced breeding methods. Thus, 28% within this group were unwilling to drink milk from cows impregnated with semen derived from earlier generations of cows and bulls bred using gene editing and cloning. Further, this share rose if the high-frequency organic consumers were very averse to the manipulation of nature. The organic sector may need to cater to this subgroup (e.g., by ensuring the traceability of the semen that organic farmers use to artificially inseminate their cows).     

Marginalising household users in smart grids

Unless just and inclusive, transitions to low carbon-energy systems are unlikely to receive sufficient legitimacy and broad public support. While research on inequalities and injustices in energy transitions is growing, these issues remain less explored in the case of the digitalisation of the energy systems through smart grids and smart homes. This paper aims to synthetise our understandings of inequality, exclusion and vulnerability in energy transitions by systemically analysing different dimensions of marginalisation in the transition to a digitalised electricity infrastructure in Sweden. To synthetise understandings of marginalisation and exclusion, conceptualisations of these processes in different social science approaches to energy studies are reviewed. Moreover, an empirical analysis of interviews with a range of Swedish actors such as energy utilities, social housing developers or pensioner organisations is carried out and enriched by previous research on smart grid users. The empirical analysis demonstrates what specific forms that diverse categories of marginalisation, as already identified generally in different social science approaches to energy studies, may take in smart grids. We argue that marginalisation of household users in smart grids may take place along multiple dimensions, relating to matters of literacy, participation, infrastructure, and the economy. The analysis suggests that bundles of marginalisation aspects concerning household users in sustainable energy transitions should be recognised and addressed simultaneously.