Concentrator silicon solar cells from silicon industry rejects

Two types of silicon (Si) substrates (40 n-type with uniform base doping and 40 n/n⁺ epitaxial wafers) from the silicon industry rejects were chosen as the starting material for low-cost concentrator solar cells. They were divided into four groups, each consisting of 20 substrates: 10 are n/n⁺ and 10 are n substrates, and the solar cells were prepared for different diffusion times (45, 60, 75 and 90 min). The fabricated solar cells on n/n⁺ substrates (prepared with a diffusion time of 75 min) showed better parameters. In order to improve their performances, particularly the fill factor, 20 new solar cells on n/n⁺ substrates were fabricated using the same procedure (the diffusion time was 75 min)—but with four new front contact patterns. Investigation of current–voltage (I–V) characteristics under AM 1.5 showed that the parameters of these 20 new solar cells have improved in comparison to previous solar cells' parameters, and were as follows: open-circuit voltage (V_OC=0.57 V); short circuit current (I_SC=910 mA), and efficiency (η=9.1%). Their fill factor has increased about 33%. The I–V characteristics of these solar cells were also investigated under different concentration ratios (X), and they exhibited the following parameters (under X=100 suns): V_OC=0.62 V and I_SC=36 A.     

Adhesive Bonding to Galvanized Steel: II. Substrate Chemistry, Morphology and Bond Failure Analysis

Galvanized substrate morphology, oxide layer chemistry, bond failure modes, failure loci, and bondline corrosion have been investigated for adhesive bonds to galvanized steel. Significant differences in surface morphology were observed between the relatively smooth surfaces of “hot-dipped” substrates and the considerably rougher texture of “electroplated” substrates. The hot-dipped substrates were also chemically heterogeneous, with significant amounts of Al, Mg, Ca, and Pb, in addition to Zn, constituting the surface layer. For electroplated substrates, on the other hand, Zn was the major constituent. It was concluded that, for a given adhesive, low strengths and poor bond durability generally correlated with the minimum surface roughness and maximum chemical heterogeneity of the hot-dipped substrates. Higher strengths, and better durability, on the other hand, were observed for electroplated substrates, which showed the greater roughness, as well as chemically the more uniform surface.

Significantly, ESCA spectroscopy of fracture surfaces of unaged samples established that failure loci for both one and two-part epoxy adhesives included the oxide layer of the substrate. This was true for both hot-dipped, as well as electroplated substrates. For aged samples, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of failure surface identified zinc-based corrosion products present in the original bond area.     

凝汽式汽轮机乏汽凝汽器传热强化的研究

在对高效换热元件横纹管的强化机理,传热与流体力学特性进行了实验研究与分析探讨的基础上,对装机容量１５００ｋＷ凝汽式汽轮机组的光滑管和横纹管凝汽器进行了工业应用的性能试验,并提出了横纹凝汽器的应用前景。     

正弦波纹挡板式沉降器内流动特性

采用VOF模型对正弦波纹式入口挡板的重力非均相沉降器内流场进行数值模拟研究。对比了正弦波纹挡板与平挡板的平均流场分布情况,分析了沉降器的轴向流速均一程度（λ₁）随时间演化特性,探究了λ₁和面积加权平均湍流强度（I_a）在沉降器内空间分布特性;引入流场均稳指标USC,研究了冲击间距（L_b/D）对USC的影响。结果表明：正弦波纹挡板作为入口构件可以有效降低返混。在0.84＜L_b/D＜2.17范围内,正弦波纹板沉降器内流场的均一程度整体高于平面挡板;随着L_b/D减小,平挡板沉降器内流场的λ₁基本不变,但正弦波纹挡板沉降器内流场的λ₁降低,且对I_a的影响不明显。对比平挡板,正弦波纹挡板可以有效降低轴向速度的梯度,使返混区面积减小,流场稳定性提高。随着L_b/D增加,USC值呈现多峰值趋势,L_b/D=2.17时正弦波纹板沉降器的USC取得极大值为14.68,较平挡板提高了93.67%。     

电站锅炉空气预热器改造方案研究

根据低温腐蚀、漏风等原因造成所回围蓄热式空气预热器运行不良,电站锅炉出力不足等问题,文中通过对提出的几种改造方案的比较,论证了利用螺纹管、热管强化传热技术,采用复合式空气预热器对原有空气预热器进行技术改造的可行性。     

Optimization of the sputtering process parameters of GZO films using the Grey–Taguchi method

This paper examines the optimization of the process parameters of GZO films deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates by R.F. magnetron sputtering using the Taguchi method, aiming to obtain highly transparent and conductive films. The influences of the various sputtering factors (R.F. power, sputtering pressure, deposition time, substrate temperature and post-annealing temperature) on electrical resistivity and structural, morphological and optical transmittance of GZO films are analyzed. The electrical resistivity and the optical transmittance of GZO films were improved by post-annealing the substrate during the deposition process. Experimental results indicate the optimal process parameters in GZO films deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates can be determined effectively. The electrical resistivity of GZO films is decreased from 1.194 × 10⁻³ Ω cm to 8.627 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm and the optical transmittance is increased from 86.148% to 90%, leading to multiple performance characteristics in deposition qualities through the Grey–Taguchi method.     

铝合金三角形波纹夹芯板对平头弹抗冲击特性数值模拟研究

为研究铝合金三角形波纹夹芯板对平头弹体的抗冲击性能及损伤特性,利用有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit建立弹体冲击靶板的数值模拟模型,并结合实验验证了模型及其参数的有效性。基于数值计算结果,分析了三角形波纹夹芯板几何结构对其防护性能、失效模式和能量吸收的影响规律及机理,并与等面密度单层板进行对比分析,研究结果表明,靶体几何结构对其抗冲击性能存在影响,三角形波纹夹芯板抗冲击性能低于单层板抗冲击性能。此外,增加芯体拓扑结构夹角能显著提高三角形波纹夹芯板的抗冲击性能,并且靶板几何形状会对其失效模式及耗能特性存在影响。     

复合材料梯形波纹夹芯板的挠度分析

考虑剪切变形的影响,研究了复合材料波纹夹芯板均布荷载下的挠度。将复合材料波纹夹芯板等效为等刚度等尺寸的均质板,应用初等梁理论计算了考虑剪切变形的波纹夹层板的挠度。作为一个算例,应用所建立的模型计算了波纹夹芯板悬臂梁结构在均布荷载下的挠度,与有限元模拟得到的结果进行比较,验证本文模型的可行性,并讨论了剪切变形对挠度的影响。     

波形钢板钢管混凝土柱的极限承载力

提出了波形钢板钢管混凝土柱的有限元分析方法,采用正交异性板来模拟波形钢板。应用ANSYS通用程序对算例进行了分析,并应用有限元方法分析了偏心率、长细比2个主要参数对波形钢板钢管混凝土柱极限承载力的影响。结果表明:可采用稳定折减系数和偏心率折减系数相乘的计算公式来考虑二者对波形钢板钢管混凝土柱极限承载力的影响,其中偏心率折减系数可采用《钢管混凝土结构设计与施工规程》(CECS 28:90)的计算公式;稳定折减系数应将换算长细比乘以考虑柱肢的钢材型号和混凝土强度等级的材料修正系数,然后采用《钢管混凝土结构设计与施工规程》(JCJ 01—89)的稳定系数计算方法。     

大口径钢带增强聚乙烯螺旋波纹管的设计及应用

介绍了大口径钢带增强聚乙烯螺旋波纹管在天津滨海高新区软土地基中的首次使用情况,分析了其设计及施工难点,并提出了处理措施及设计注意事项。该工程目前运行状况良好,其设计及施工经验可供类似地区借鉴。