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991.
Behzad Babaei Steven D. Abramowitch Elliot L. Elson Stavros Thomopoulos Guy M. Genin 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2015,12(113)
The viscoelastic behaviour of a biological material is central to its functioning and is an indicator of its health. The Fung quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model, a standard tool for characterizing biological materials, provides excellent fits to most stress–relaxation data by imposing a simple form upon a material''s temporal relaxation spectrum. However, model identification is challenging because the Fung QLV model''s ‘box’-shaped relaxation spectrum, predominant in biomechanics applications, can provide an excellent fit even when it is not a reasonable representation of a material''s relaxation spectrum. Here, we present a robust and simple discrete approach for identifying a material''s temporal relaxation spectrum from stress–relaxation data in an unbiased way. Our ‘discrete QLV’ (DQLV) approach identifies ranges of time constants over which the Fung QLV model''s typical box spectrum provides an accurate representation of a particular material''s temporal relaxation spectrum, and is effective at providing a fit to this model. The DQLV spectrum also reveals when other forms or discrete time constants are more suitable than a box spectrum. After validating the approach against idealized and noisy data, we applied the methods to analyse medial collateral ligament stress–relaxation data and identify the strengths and weaknesses of an optimal Fung QLV fit. 相似文献
992.
Shape‐Shifting 3D Protein Microstructures with Programmable Directionality via Quantitative Nanoscale Stiffness Modulation
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Mian Rong Lee In Yee Phang Yan Cui Yih Hong Lee Xing Yi Ling 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,11(6):740-748
The ability to shape‐shift in response to a stimulus increases an organism's survivability in nature. Similarly, man‐made dynamic and responsive “smart” microtechnology is crucial for the advancement of human technology. Here, 10–30 μm shape‐changing 3D BSA protein hydrogel microstructures are fabricated with dynamic, quantitative, directional, and angle‐resolved bending via two‐photon photolithography. The controlled directional responsiveness is achieved by spatially controlling the cross‐linking density of BSA at a nanometer lengthscale. Atomic force microscopy measurements of Young's moduli of structures indicate that increasing the laser writing distance at the z‐axis from 100–500 nm decreases the modulus of the structure. Hence, through nanoscale modulation of the laser writing z‐layer distance at the nanoscale, control over the cross‐linking density is possible, allowing for the swelling extent of the microstructures to be quantified and controlled with high precision. This method of segmented moduli is applied within a single microstructure for the design of shape‐shifting microstructures that exhibit stimulus‐induced chirality, as well as for the fabrication of a free‐standing 3D microtrap which is able to open and close in response to a pH change. 相似文献
993.
提出了最大可靠性网络流中断模型。此模型是在给定的网络图中,通过在边上设置监测点来阻止给定两个顶点之间的网络流量,同时考虑所设置监测点失效的可能,在给定的资源限制下,最大化中断网络流的可能性,即给定起点和终点的网络图,在资源有限的情况下,选择一些边设置监测点使得从起点到终点的所有路都包含尽可能多的已被设置中断点的边。在给定图中,两点之间的路的条数是图的规模的指数次幂,为此将此模型转化为双层整数规划模型,鉴于双层整数规划模型在一般情况下是不可解的,通过探讨下层整数规划问题与其线性规划松弛之间的关系以及线性规划对偶理论来解此双层整数规划模型。本文不仅将该模型约束的个数从图的规模的指数次幂降到一次幂,同时也提供了一种解双层整数规划问题的方法。 相似文献
994.
氮气钻井过程中井口多功能四通的使用寿命 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为防止多功能四通因砂粒冲蚀所导致的井控事故以及对多功能四通使用寿命进行评价,根据相似理论,研制出了多功能四通模型试验装置。通过室内试验表明:试验模型旁通法兰短节入口和距入口60mm处产生较为严重的冲蚀,且随时间增加,冲蚀率下降。法兰短节处遭受冲蚀将影响整个多功能四通的使用寿命,按照API 579(2007)标准计算,并对试验结果进行适当修正,得到多功能四通使用0.26a(年)后将处于危险状态。 相似文献
995.
Tuneable Singlet Exciton Fission and Triplet–Triplet Annihilation in an Orthogonal Pentacene Dimer
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Steven Lukman Andrew J. Musser Kai Chen Stavros Athanasopoulos Chaw K. Yong Zebing Zeng Qun Ye Chunyan Chi Justin M. Hodgkiss Jishan Wu Richard H. Friend Neil C. Greenham 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(34):5452-5461
Fast and highly efficient intramolecular singlet exciton fission in a pentacene dimer, consisting of two covalently attached, nearly orthogonal pentacene units is reported. Fission to triplet excitons from this ground state geometry occurs within 1 ps in isolated molecules in solution and dispersed solid matrices. The process exhibits a sensitivity to environmental polarity and competes with geometric relaxation in the singlet state, while subsequent triplet decay is strongly dependent on conformational freedom. The near orthogonal arrangement of the pentacene units is unlike any structure currently proposed for efficient singlet exciton fission and may lead to new molecular design rules. 相似文献
996.
Moutusi Banerjee Abhisek Gupta Shyamal K. Saha Dipankar Chakravorty 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,11(28):3451-3457
Attachment of Li+ ion on graphene surface to realize Li+‐ion conductor is a real challenge because of the weak interaction between the ions and the functional groups of graphene oxide; although, a large number of theoretical results are already available in the literature. To overcome this problem, graphene oxide is functionalized by 1‐aza‐15‐crown‐5, the cage‐like structure containing four oxygens that can bind Li+ ion through electrostatic interaction. Li+ migration on graphene surface has been investigated using ac relaxation mechanism. Perfect Debye‐type relaxation behavior with β (relaxation exponent) value ≈1 resulting from single ion is observed. The activation energy of Li+ migration arising due to cation‐π interaction is found to be 0.37 eV, which agrees well with recently reported theoretical value. It is believed that this study will help to design isolated ion conductors for Li+‐ion battery. 相似文献
997.
998.
通过热轧试验研究了轧后空冷弛豫时间对铌微合金化热轧TRIP中厚板组织和力学性能的影响,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜及XRD分析了弛豫过程各组成相的尺寸、含量变化以及铁素体基体上的位错组态和微合金碳氮化物的析出行为.结果表明,采用820 ℃终轧并弛豫80~120 s后超快冷的工艺可以得到含有铁素体、贝氏体和残留奥氏体的多相组织,弛豫时间显著影响铁素体晶粒尺寸、铁素体量以及铁素体基体上的位错密度和沉淀析出量.随着弛豫时间的延长,试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度呈降低趋势.空冷弛豫80 s时,试验钢的抗拉强度、伸长率和强塑积分别达到820 MPa,37.5%和30750 MPa·%的最大值. 相似文献
999.
1000.
顺次及交叉加载方案下螺栓弹性交互作用规律 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
由于螺栓之间存在弹性交互作用,采用力矩方法逐个加载螺栓难以获得均匀一致的预紧载荷。试验研究了顺次及交叉多轮加载方案下螺栓的弹性交互作用规律。螺栓采用8根M20×1.5双头螺柱,材料35CrMoA。采用应变片和应变仪实时监控螺栓载荷,采用力矩扳手加载。结果表明,在螺栓加载过程中存在两种弹性交互作用:正作用和负作用。弹性交互作用使交叉加载和顺次加载的最终载荷分布分别呈现W形和N形。分析了正作用和负作用的规律,依据规律提出了优化的加载方案,可将弹性交互作用系数方阵[A]m×n简化为三对角阵,提高了弹性交互作用系数法的实用性。 相似文献