Light composite elliptic springs for vehicle suspension

For composites to compete in vehicle suspension applications, it is essential to control their failure by utilising their strength in principal direction instead of shear. This can be achieved efficiently by employing a new configuration instead of existing one. This study marries between an elliptical configuration and the woven roving composites.

In this paper, the influence of ellipticity ratio on performance of woven roving wrapped composite elliptical springs has been investigated both experimentally and numerically. A series of experiments was conducted for composite elliptical springs with ellipticity ratios (a/b) ranging from one to two. Typical failure histories of their failure mechanism are presented and discussed. In general, this study demonstrated that composites elliptical spring can be used for light and heavy trucks and meet the requirements, together with substantial weight saving. The results showed that the ellipticity ratio significantly influenced the spring rate and failure loads. Composite elliptic spring with ellipticity ratios of a/b 2.0 displayed the highest spring rate.     

The perturbation method and the extended finite element method. An application to fracture mechanics problems

The extended finite element method has been successful in the numerical simulation of fracture mechanics problems. With this methodology, different to the conventional finite element method, discretization of the domain with a mesh adapted to the geometry of the discontinuity is not required. On the other hand, in traditional fracture mechanics all variables have been considered to be deterministic (uniquely defined by a given numerical value). However, the uncertainty associated with these variables (external loads, geometry and material properties, among others) it is well known. This paper presents a novel application of the perturbation method along with the extended finite element method to treat these uncertainties. The methodology has been implemented in a commercial software and results are compared with those obtained by means of a Monte Carlo simulation.     

Numerical evaluation of the effects of friction and geometric nonlinearities on the energy release rate in three- and four-point bend end-notched flexure tests

Nonlinear finite element analyses are used to examine the effects of friction and geometric nonlinearities on the energy release rate in three- and four-point bend end-notched flexure tests. Energy release rates are first determined by a recently developed direct energy balance approach. It is shown that the finite diameter loading rollers that are typically used in practical test set-ups cause both tests to be inherently nonlinear. The effect of these nonlinearities on the energy release rate is shown to be larger in the four point than the three point test and to increase with increasing roller diameter, increasing coefficient of friction along the crack plane, and decreasing supporting span length. For the four point test, the effect of these nonlinearities is also shown to increase with increasing ratio of inner to outer span length. Next, energy release rates at the onset of crack advance are determined by a simulated compliance calibration technique. This “perceived toughness” is compared with predictions of the “true toughness” given by the direct energy balance approach at the same load. It is shown that perceived toughnesses from this simulated compliance calibration procedure are larger than previously reported results that were obtained in a similar fashion using linear theory. In addition, the perceived toughness is shown to strongly depend upon the range used for fitting the load versus deflection data to obtain compliance. These findings are used to make some general recommendations regarding use of the two test methods and their associated data reduction techniques.     

新型横向磁场电机的标量磁位三维磁场分析与参数计算

提出了一种新型横向磁场电机（TFM），定子采用E型铁心，可以大大降低加工难度和制造成本。但是，该电机磁路复杂，需采用三维场场进行分析。在三维有限元磁场中，如果对电流区域进行适当处理，采用标量磁位进行分析，与采用矢量磁位相比，可大大提高计算速度。对电流区域在三维磁场计算中的处理方法进行了推导，根据所推导的原理编制三维有限元软件，利用该软件对样机磁场进行计算。试验结果表明了该方法的正确性。     

Analysis of singular stress fields at multi‐material corners under thermal loading

The scaled boundary finite‐element method is extended to the modelling of thermal stresses. The particular solution for the non‐homogeneous term caused by thermal loading is expressed as integrals in the radial direction, which are evaluated analytically for temperature changes varying as power functions of the radial coordinate. When applied to model a multi‐material corner, only the boundary of the problem domain is discretized. The boundary conditions on the straight material interfaces and the side‐faces forming the corner are satisfied analytically without discretization. The stress field is expressed semi‐analytically as a series solution. The stress distribution along the radial direction, including both the real and complex power singularity and the power‐logarithmic singularity, is represented analytically. The stress intensity factors are determined directly from their definitions in stresses. No knowledge on asymptotic expansions is required. Numerical examples are calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the scaled boundary finite‐element method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A finite element method for poro mechanical modelling of geotechnical problems using local second gradient models

In this paper, a new finite element method is described and applied. It is based on a theory developed to model poromechanical problems where the mechanical part is obeying a second gradient theory. The aim of such a work is to properly model the post localized behaviour of soils and rocks saturated with a pore fluid. Beside the development of this new coupled theory, a corresponding finite element method has been developed. The elements used are based on a weak form of the relation between the deformation gradient and the second gradient, using a field of Lagrange multipliers. The global problem is solved by a system of equations where the kinematic variables are fully coupled with the pore pressure. Some numerical experiments showing the effectiveness of the method ends the paper. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear seismic response analysis of reinforced concrete tube in tube structure

Super-highly reinforced concrete tube in tube structure is a developing structure system of high-rise building. The more reasonable derivation process of the multi-vertical-line-element model stiffness matrix is given.On the premise of pointing out the problems of present multi-spring element model, combined with present multivertical-line-element model for analyzing on shear wall, the model is expanded to spatial one, and the stiffness matrix of which is derived. Combined with hysteretic axial model and hysteretic shear model, it is suitable for columns,wall limbs and beams with all kinds of section form. Some examples are calculated and compared with test results,which shows that the models have relatively good accuracy. On the base of the experimental phenomenon and failure mechanism for tube in tube structure specimen, nonlinear seismic responses analysis program on the basis of the advantaged element model for tube in tube structure is developed. Calculation results are in good agreement with those of the pseudo-dynamic tests and the failure mechanism can be well reflected.     

Effect of Anisotropy and Destructuration on the Behavior of Murro Test Embankment

This paper investigates the influence of anisotropy and destructuration on the behavior of a test embankment on soft clay. The test embankment at Murro, Finland, was commissioned in 1993 by the Finnish Road Administration and has been monitored for over 10?years. The construction and consolidation of Murro test embankment is analyzed with finite element method using three different constitutive models to represent the soft soil. The results are compared with field observations. The constitutive models used include two recently proposed constitutive models, namely S-CLAY1 that accounts for initial and plastic strain induced anisotropy and its extension, called S-CLAY1S. The S-CLAY1S model accounts, additionally, for interparticle bonding and degradation of bonds. For comparison, the test embankment is also analyzed using the isotropic Modified Cam Clay model. The simulations demonstrate that for this type of problem, it is important to account for the anisotropy, whereas destructuration appears to have less influence on predicted deformations. However, only a model incorporating destructuration can explain the decrease in undrained shear strength during consolidation that was measured in field.     

GH4169合金的X射线荧光光谱分析

采用x射线荧光光谱仪测定GH4169合金中的锰、硅、镍、铬、钼、铝、钛、铌。研究了测量条件及基体 吸收—增强效应的校正。还时测量精度进行了研究,各元素的相对标准偏差分别为0．0466％～O．6777％。与 化学分析结果对照结果良好。     

选择溶解条件--ICP-AES法测定铝合金中10元素

在铝合金中,对常量、微量、痕量元素等的测量,传统上采用化学的方法来分析,手续繁杂,分析时间 亦长,有时不能满足大批量快速分析的要求。ICP-AES分析法,以其优异的分析性能被广泛应用于各种材料 的主要、次要,痕量、超痕量多元素的同时分析。但是,影响等离子炬状态的因素很多,只有在最佳工作状态下 操作,才能充分发挥ICP光源的优越性。