Design and performance analysis of ITER ex-vessel magnetic diagnostics

Accurate magnetic diagnostics are essential to perform reliable operation of any tokamak. The ITER magnetic diagnostics include a wide variety of sensors located on the inner and outer surfaces of the vacuum vessel, in the divertor cassettes and in the casing of the toroidal field coils. As the measurement accuracy of the inner set of magnetic sensors might be compromised by various radiation effects and high heat loads, the complementary ex-vessel set is essential to provide backup information. This paper is an overview of the ex-vessel magnetic diagnostic which consists mainly of pick-up coils, steady state sensors, Rogowski coils in the toroidal field coil casing and fibre optic current sensors. The work presented aims at designing these sensors to meet the performance requirements in spite of the constraints due to the tokamak environment. The manufacturing constraints and the positioning requirements for all the ex-vessel magnetic sensors are described. The use and expected accuracy of the entire ex-vessel magnetic diagnostic is assessed in terms of magnetic equilibrium reconstruction and plasma current measurement precision.     

高气压微放电等离子体的诊断技术

论述了等离子体的常用诊断方法,指出光谱测量法是高气压微放电等离子体诊断的最佳方法,详细评述了吸收光谱法与发射光谱法。最后还给出了微放电等离子体参数的近似估计方法。通过这些方面的研究,能够获得高气压微放电等离子体的详细特性,为高气压微放电等离子体在工业上的应用提供依据。     

System design of diagnostic subsystem in control networks

The current development of computer control and associated diagnosis has been made possible by the advent of microcomputers and microprocessors. This leads to the introduction of distributed systems based on the division of the whole system into partial, autonomous, interlinked subsystems each with its own control processor. Thus, improved system flexibility and reliability can be attained and a better solution to both control and diagnostics tasks is achieved. Dividing the tasks and bringing them closer to partial technological assemblies increases the rate of data processing; failures of a local processor do not necessitate putting the entire equipment out of operation. Diagnostic tasks are discussed in the present study of the 0th and 1st levels of the hierarchial division of the processor network.     

上海光源全局束流诊断数据仓库开发

上海光源已建成的束流诊断系统可满足光源的日常运行和机器研究需要。但由于缺少有效的事件触发处理机制,无法保存并分析运行期间突发的全局轨道扰动、BPM故障和DCCT噪声等异常现象。为解决以上问题,本文在现有束测系统的基础上开发了基于Soft IOC的全局束流诊断数据仓库。数据仓库通过在线监测加速器和束测系统的运行状况,在发现异常现象时及时发出触发信号并存储相关数据进行分析。运行结果表明,数据仓库能有效检测加速器和束测系统异常,并可用于生成束测设备置信度指标,为进一步优化束测系统和提高光源运行性能提供有效依据。     

Diagnosis of Unmagnetized Plasma Electron Number Density and Electron-neutral Collision Frequency by Using Microwave

The plasma diagnostic method using the transmission attenuation of microwaves at double frequencies （PDMUTAMDF） indicates that the frequency and the electron-neutral collision frequency of the plasma can be deduced by utilizing the transmission attenuation of microwaves at two neighboring frequencies in a non-magnetized plasma. Then the electron density can be obtained from the plasma frequency. The PDMUTAMDF is a simple method to diagnose the plasma indirectly. In this paper, the interaction of electromagnetic waves and the plasma is analyzed. Then, based on the attenuation and the phase shift of a microwave in the plasma, the principle of the PDMUTAMDF is presented. With the diagnostic method, the spatially mean electron density and electron collision frequency of the plasma can be obtained. This method is suitable for the elementary diagnosis of the atmospheric-pressure plasma.     

New developments at JET in diagnostics, real-time control, data acquisition and information retrieval with potential application to ITER

In magnetic confinement fusion, the operation of next generation devices will be significantly different compared to present day machines. The duration length of the discharges will require abandoning the traditional paradigm of processing and storing the data after the shot. In fact most information will have to be made available in real-time. The significant issues of machine protection will require more sophisticated and at the same time more robust feedback control schemes. Another very important issue emerged in the last years of JET operation, and which is expected to become more severe in ITER, is the large amount of data to be analysed, which cannot be handled in the most efficient way with traditional methods.In order to prepare for the operation of ITER, some tests are being performed at JET. The capacity of the real-time network has increased in the last years, and many more systems, mainly diagnostics have been connected to it in order to test their reliability and to assess the quality of the information they can provide for feedback control. To reduce the amount of data, a prototype of real-time adaptive data acquisition techniques is being implemented, to adjust the acquisition frequency to the time resolution of the phenomena to be analysed in the plasma. Lossless data compression techniques have been refined and various intelligent signal processing methods have already been implemented to allow an easier and more objective first screening of the data. To allow scientists from wide and diffuse communities to participate in the scientific and technical programme, various innovative tools for remote participation and experimentation are also being actively investigated.     

The development of a deep knowledge diagnostic expert system using fault tree analysis information

In this paper a diagnostic Knowledge Based Expert System (KBES) prototype for a nuclear Auxiliary Boiler Feed System (ABFS) was developed. A commercial Expert System shell accesses heuristic production rules to quickly resolve the majority of common faults. Supplementing this are a series of C functions which access the Fault Tree data base previously developed during the licensing process. These functions perform diagnostics, give detailed explanations of failure mechanisms, and identify system failure risks through examination of cut sets. The capture of both heuristic and Fault Tree information has resulted in a more exhaustive diagnostic tool with a domain of application unrestricted by the limitations of previous operator experience.     

γ射线扫描技术在化工装置中的应用

在阐述γ射线扫描技术原理的基础上,综述了γ射线扫描技术在化工装置中的研发和应用情况.目前γ射线扫描技术已经应用于催化裂化装置解吸塔、催化裂化装置分馏塔、甲醇精馏塔、催化裂化装置的外溢管等装置的检测诊断中,实践应用证明:γ射线扫描技术可快速、准确、可靠的诊断精馏塔等装置的运行情况,γ射线扫描技术的应用将为企业生产装置的安...     

Droplet size distribution and evaporation characteristics of fuel spray by a swirl type atomizer

Spray atomization and evaporation play extremely important roles in mixture formation and combustion processes of direct injection (DI) gasoline engines. In this study, the fundamental characteristics of a swirl spray injected into a constant volume vessel are investigated by means of several laser diagnostic techniques including the laser diffraction-based method for droplet size distribution, the laser induced fluorescence-particle image velocimetry for velocity distributions of droplets and spray-induced ambient air flow, and the two-wavelength laser absorption-scattering technique for concentration distributions of liquid and vapor phases in the spray. The results show that the droplets at outer zone of the spray exhibit larger diameter than those at inner zone under both ambient pressures 0.1 and 0.4 MPa. While this can be partially attributed to the effect of spray-induced ambient air flow, the strength of ambient air flow become small when increasing the ambient pressure from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa, indicating the strong influence of spray dynamics on the droplet size distribution. In the evaporating spray, there are higher vapor concentrations near the spray axis than at peripheral zones. At 4.0 ms after start of injection, spray droplets almost completely evaporate under ambient temperature 500 K and pressure 1.0 MPa, but there are significantly amount of fuels with equivalence ratio below 0.5 in the spray. Reduction in ambient pressure promotes the air entrainment and droplet evaporation, but lowered ambient pressure results in more fuel vapor of equivalence ratio above 1.3 along the spray axis.     

Real-Time Duplex Applications of Loop-Mediated AMPlification (LAMP) by Assimilating Probes

Isothermal nucleic-acid amplification methods such as Loop-Mediated isothermal AMPlification (LAMP) are increasingly appealing alternatives to PCR for use in portable diagnostic system due to the low cost, weight, and power requirements of the instrumentation. As such, interest in developing new probes and other functionality based on the LAMP reaction has been intense. Here, we report on the development of duplexed LAMP assays for pathogen detection using spectrally unique Assimilating Probes. As proof of principle, we used a reaction for Salmonella enterica as a model coupled with a reaction for λ-phage DNA as an internal control, as well as a duplexed assay to sub-type specific quarantine strains of the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Detection limits for bacterial DNA analyzed in individual reactions was less than 100 genomic equivalents in all cases, and increased by one to two orders of magnitude when reactions were coupled in duplexed formats. Even so, due to the more robust activity of newly available strand-displacing polymerases, the duplexed assays reported here were more powerful than analogous individual reactions reported only a few years ago, and represent a significant advance for incorporation of internal controls to validate assay results in the field.