Facile Synthesis of 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2 Microcrystals and Its Catalytic Behavior for Transesterification of Dimethyl Carbonate with Phenol

Polyhedron lead hydroxide carbonate (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) microcrystals have been prepared in solution phase via a facile method in the presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). All the samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The possible growth mechanism was discussed. 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2 microcrystals were found to be a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with phenol. Compared with some other catalysts, such as AlCl3, ZnCl2, and Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2 microcrystals are stable and show relatively high activity at low catalyst amount. When the reaction was carried out at 180℃, with a molar ratio of phenol to DMC of 2:1, a reaction time 14h, and a catalyst amount 0.2% (molar ratio to phenol), the selectivity of DPC and methyl phenyl carbonate (MPC) was 14.7% and 78.8%, respectively.     

酯交换法合成碳酸二苯酯的工艺研究

通过对碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换法反应合成碳酸二苯酯的研究,寻找最佳的反应条件．实验结果表明反应在160～180℃下,苯酚、碳酸二甲酯与催化剂的摩尔比为4：1：0．016,反应时间为12h,碳酸二苯酯的产率可以达到40％以上,经碱洗、重结晶处理后纯度可以达到99．0％．     

Comparison of polycarbonate precursors synthesized from catalytic reactions of bisphenol‐A with diphenyl carbonate,dimethyl carbonate,or carbon monoxide

Transesterification of bisphenol‐A with diphenyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate, and direct oxidative carbonylation of bisphenol‐A were compared to obtain polycarbonate precursors for phosgene‐free polycarbonate synthesis. The melt‐transesterification of bisphenol‐A and diphenyl carbonate occurred readily to produce reactive precursors without a significant equilibrium constraint. On the other hand, the transesterification of bisphenol‐A and dimethyl carbonate showed a serious equilibrium limitation in obtaining reactive polycarbonate precursors leading to high molecular weight polymers, and coproduced a significant amount of methylated bisphenol‐A. The direct oxidative carbonylation of bisphenol‐A with CO produced diphenolic‐ended oligomers and a significant amount of by‐products, which are the least reactive in the subsequent polycondensation step of the phosgene‐free polycarbonate process. A novel method to synthesize the reactive polycarbonate precursors was proposed that employed the coupled oxidative carbonylation of both bisphenol‐A and phenol. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 937–947, 2002     

过期PVA类粘合剂的恢复

研究一种使霉变、凝胶失效的PVA类粘胶剂恢复的方法。     

质子酸酸化[emim]BF_4离子液体中4,4＇-MDC的合成反应研究

针对液体酸存在的设备腐蚀及回收利用问题,利用质子酸酸化的1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸（[emim]BF4）离子液体（ILs）既作反应溶剂又作催化剂,催化苯氨基甲酸甲酯（MPC）与甲醛缩合制备4,4’-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯（4,4’-MDC）反应。考察了反应温度、原料配比、离子液体用量及反应时间等因素对4,4’-MDC合成反应的影响。适宜的反应条件为：70℃、n（MPC）/n（HCHO）=4/1、wt（ILs）/wt（MPC）=4/1、1.5h,此时4,4’-MDC产率为71.7%、选择性为71.9%。借助超声波对反应后的酸化离子液体进行萃取提纯,处理后的酸化离子液体循环使用时其催化活性基本保持不变。     

双联苄类化合物中间体二苯醚类化合物的合成及表征

以酚类化合物和卤代芳香醛或卤代芳香酯类化合物为原料,通过醛保护和Ullmann反应合成系列二苯醚类化合物。考查了催化剂、缩合剂和混合缩合剂的比例对反应收率的影响,结果表明,当催化剂为氧化铜、缩合剂为混合碳酸钙和碳酸钾,投料比为n(酚类化合物)∶n(卤代化合物)∶n(氧化铜)∶n(碳酸钾)∶n(碳酸钙)=1∶1.05∶0.3∶1.6∶0.4,收率较理想。目标产物的结构通过MS和1H NMR确证。     

Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: Is packaging a relevant source?

Contamination of foodstuffs by environmental pollutants (e.g. dioxins, metals) receives much attention. Until recently, food packaging as a source of xenobiotics, especially those with endocrine disrupting properties, has received little awareness despite its ubiquitous use. This article reviews the regulations and use of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in food packaging and discusses their presence within the context of new toxicology paradigms.I focused on substances known to be legally used in food packaging that have been shown to exhibit endocrine disruptive effects in biological systems. I compiled a list of 50 known or potential EDCs used in food contact materials and examined data of EDCs leaching from packaging into food, with a focus on nonylphenol. I included recent advances in toxicology: mixture effects, the developmental origins of adult disease hypothesis, low-dose effects, and epigenetics. I especially considered the case of bisphenol A. The core hypothesis of this review is that chemicals leaching from packaging into food contribute to human EDCs exposure and might lead to chronic disease in light of the current knowledge.Food contact materials are a major source of food contaminants. Many migrating compounds, possibly with endocrine disruptive properties, remain unidentified. There is a need for information on identity/quantity of chemicals leaching into food, human exposure, and long-term impact on health. Especially EDCs in food packaging are of concern. Even at low concentrations, chronic exposure to EDCs is toxicologically relevant. Concerns increase when humans are exposed to mixtures of similar acting EDCs and/or during sensitive windows of development. In particular, non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) migrating from food contact materials need toxicological characterization; the overall migrate of the finished packaging could be evaluated for biological effects using bioassays. The widespread legal use of EDCs in food packaging requires dedicated assessment and should be updated according to contemporary scientific knowledge.     

Preparation and characterisation of selected physicochemical and functional properties of β‐chitosans from squid pen

Squid pen β‐chitosans prepared under various deacetylation conditions (30%, 35%, 40% and/or 45% NaOH for 15, 30 and/or 60 min) were characterised. β‐Chitosans (deacetylated with 35–45% NaOH for 15–60 min) had 87.1–96.2% degree of deacetylation (DD), 93.5–96.7% solubility and 120.5–654.9 mPa s viscosity. Treatment with 30% NaOH for 15–60 min yielded inadequately deacetylated β‐chitosans (DD = 51.9–80.2%). Two chitosans prepared under 35% NaOH for 15 min and 45% NaOH for 30 min (designated as 35%–15 and 45%–30, respectively) were further compared. Drying (sun‐drying vs. oven‐drying) methods did not affect DD. 35%–15 chitosan exhibited lower nitrogen, DD and bulk density, but higher viscosity compared with 45%–30 chitosan. Higher water‐ and fat‐binding capacity but lower DPPH radical scavenging activity were observed for 35%–15 chitosan compared with 45%–30 chitosan. Compared with 45%–30 chitosan, 35%–15 chitosan exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes, but lower antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction with saponification (MAES) for the determination of polybrominated flame retardants in aquaculture samples

The efficiency of microwave-assisted extraction with saponification (MAES) for the determination of seven polybrominated flame retardants (polybrominated biphenyls, PBBs; and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs) in aquaculture samples is described and compared with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Chemometric techniques based on experimental designs and desirability functions were used for simultaneous optimization of the operational parameters used in both MAES and MAE processes. Application of MAES to this group of contaminants in aquaculture samples, which had not been previously applied to this type of analytes, was shown to be superior to MAE in terms of extraction efficiency, extraction time and lipid content extracted from complex matrices (0.7% as against 18.0% for MAE extracts). PBBs and PBDEs were determined by gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detection (GC-μECD). The quantification limits for the analytes were 40–750 pg g^?1 (except for BB-15, which was 1.43 ng g^?1). Precision for MAES-GC-μECD (%RSD?<?11%) was significantly better than for MAE-GC-μECD (%RSD?<?20%). The accuracy of both optimized methods was satisfactorily demonstrated by analysis of appropriate certified reference material (CRM), WMF-01.     

过氧化钠熔融二苯氨基脲光度法测定钨中铬

采用过氧化钠熔融、二苯氨基脲光度法测定钨中铬,以磷酸络合主体元素钨,避免了使用有毒试剂氢氧化铍,减少了对操作人员的身体损害及对环境的污染,同时研究了二苯氨基脲在硫酸介质中与铬的显色反应,灵敏度较高,最大吸收波长位于540 nm处,铬(Ⅵ)的质量浓度在0.01～0.60μg/mL范围内有良好的线形关系,表观摩尔吸光系数为4.38×104 L(/moL.cm)。