甲基苯基碳酸酯歧化合成碳酸二苯酯的研究进展

综述了甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)歧化反应过程的研究进展。MPC歧化是碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)路线中的重要步骤,深入研究MPC歧化对提高DPC的收率有重要作用。介绍了MPC歧化反应热力学过程、均相和多相催化体系、动力学及合成工艺方面的研究进展,重点分析了催化体系和工艺研究结果。多相催化剂的开发焦点集中在以PbO,TiO2,MoO3为活性组分的金属氧化物方面;适宜的歧化合成DPC的工艺是减压反应工艺。     

Evaluating daily exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish oil supplements

Fish oil supplements have become a popular means of increasing one's dietary intake of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, there is growing concern that the levels and potential health effects of lipophilic organic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may diminish some of the health benefits associated with the daily consumption of fish oil supplements. In this study, ten over-the-counter fish oil supplements available in the United States were analysed for PCBs and PBDEs and daily exposures calculated. Based on manufacturers’ recommended dosages, daily intakes of PCBs and PBDEs ranged from 5 to 686 ng day^?1 and from 1 to 13 ng day^?1, respectively. Daily consumption of fish oil supplements expose consumers to PCBs and PBDEs. However, in comparison with fish ingestion, fish supplements may decrease daily PCB exposure and provide a safer pathway for individuals seeking to maintain daily recommended levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

The Effect of Degree of Impregnation in Amberlite Resins with Organophosphorous Extractants for Y(III), La(III), Ce(III), Th(IV) and U(VI) Ions

Abstract

Background: The sorption of Y(III), La(III), Ce(III), U(VI) and Th(IV) ions with solvent impregnated resins using diphenylphosphate (DPP), and diphenylphosphinic acid (DPPA) as extractant and Amberlite XAD 16 and Amberlite XAD 2000 as a polymeric support has been studied. The impregnated resins containing various amounts of extractants (10/90, 20/80, 50/50, 60/40) have been prepared by a dry method. The effects of pH, types of extractant, extractant content, surface area of polymeric support and contact time have been investigated by batch method.

Results: The impregnation for DPP on XAD‐16 and XAD‐2000 was 111 and 46% at 60/40 extractant/resin mass ratio, respectively. The impregnation of DPPA at all ratios on both resins was found constant and lower than DPP. The sorption percentage of studied metal ions was within 90‐99% for DPP and DPPA on both resins after 20/80 extractant/resin mass ratio.

Conclusions: The sorption of DPP on Amberlite XAD 16 and XAD 2000 resins is rather more than DPPA. It could be seen that 20/80 extractant/resin mass ratio is generally adequate for single metal analysis where 60/40 could be suitable for multi‐metal analysis.     

碳酸二甲酯与乙酸苯酯酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯

介绍了碳酸二苯酯的各种合成方法及其应用。在各种合成方法比较的基础上,综述了碳酸二甲酯与乙酸苯酯酯交换法合成碳酸二苯酯的反应体系反应热力学及催化剂的研究现状,展望了碳酸二甲酯与乙酸苯酯酯交换反应体系的应用前景。     

多氯联苯醚和多溴联苯醚理化性质的定量结构-性质关系研究

多氯联苯醚(PCDEs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是分布广泛的污染物,有环境持久性和生物蓄积性。文中采用多元回归分析方法,以氯碎片常数为变量,建立了PCDE同类物水中溶解性、正辛醇/水分配系数、蒸汽压(293 K)等理化性质的线性关联式,也建立了PBDE同类物正辛醇/水分配系数、正辛醇/空气分配系数、蒸汽压(293 K)等理化性质的关联式。关联式对PCDEs和PBDEs的理化性质进行了估算,其结果与文献报道的实验值相当吻合。结果表明:采用PCDEs/PBDEs分子中氯/溴取代总数、氯/溴的邻位取代数目和相邻取代位置上均为氯/溴取代的成对数目作为变量,可以表述PCDEs/PBDEs的定量结构-性质关系。利用简单易得的描述符建立的QSPR模型是合理的、适用的。     

用新的路径定位指数和神经网络研究多溴联苯醚理化性质

基于溴取代基及共轭母体的结构特征,定义一种新的路径定位指数^mP,并计算了209种多溴联苯醚分子的电性拓扑状态指数E₉和电性距离矢量M₂₆,这3个指数对有机污染物呈现出良好的结构选择性。采用多元回归方法对多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的色谱保留时间（t_R）、正辛醇/空气分配系数（lgK_OA）、超冷流体蒸气压（lgP_L）及其毒性等性质与分子结构指数进行关联,建立的4个预测模型的相关系数分别达到0.991、0.997、0.998和0.904,标准偏差分别为0.031、0.104、0.100和0.358。将3个指数作为BP神经网络的输入层神经元,采用不同的网络体系结构,获得了令人满意的预测理化性质的神经网络模型,所得结果明显优于多元回归方法,结果显示多溴联苯醚的理化性质与⁰P、E₉和M₂₆具有良好的非线性关系。     

Cu-Fe/ZrO2催化苯胺和CO2合成二苯基脲反应

以Cu-Fe/ZrO₂为催化剂、乙腈为溶剂,进行苯胺与CO₂合成二苯基脲(DPU)反应,考察了反应条件对该反应的影响和催化剂的重复使用性能,推测了Cu-Fe/ZrO2对该反应的催化作用机理。结果表明,苯胺与CO2合成DPU反应的适宜条件为催化剂与苯胺质量比0.10、乙腈/苯胺体积比1.0、反应温度160℃、CO₂初始压力1 MPa、反应时间7 h;在此条件下,苯胺转化率、DPU产率及其选择性分别为5.5%、5.3%和96.9%。Cu-Fe/ZrO²催化剂表面存在3类活性中心,即Cu-Fe金属位M、Lewis酸位Zrⁿ⁺和Lewis碱位Zr－O^-,在它们的协同作用下实现了苯胺与CO₂合成DPU的反应。催化剂重复使用4次后失活,活性组分Cu的流失是其失活的主要原因。     

利用超临界二氧化碳流体脱硫再生丁基橡胶

研究了硫黄硫化的丁基橡胶在超临界二氧化碳流体辅助下的脱硫降解行为,讨论了脱硫工艺的条件,并通过凝胶渗透色谱、核磁共振、差示扫描量热等对丁基再生胶的结构和性能进行了考察。结果表明,在二氧化碳的超临界状态下丁基橡胶的脱硫降解更加充分。脱硫的最佳工艺条件为: 反应温度180 ℃,反应压力14. 1 MPa,脱硫剂二苯基二硫的用量为橡胶质量的8%; 经过120 min 脱硫反应后丁基再生胶中溶胶的质量分数为98. 5%。在有热降解和脱硫剂参与的脱硫反应的共同影响下,丁基再生胶中溶胶的数均分子量降至原胶的40%左右; 再生胶主链上接枝了部分脱硫剂的苯环; 硫化和脱硫过程中在接枝于主链上的极性基团的影响下,再生胶中溶胶主链双键氢的振动峰几乎消失,但再生胶的玻璃化转变温度并没有明显变化。     

环境中多溴联苯醚的降解研究进展

介绍了当前国内外学者对环境中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)降解技术的研究进展,阐述了光解、生物降解对PBDEs的降解效果及降解机理,重点关注了好氧及厌氧微生物技术降解PBDEs的研究前景,并指出了今后微生物强化技术在持久性有机污染物处理中的深入探讨方向。     

掺杂Ce对Pd-Co/Cu-Co-Mn混合氧化物催化体系氧化羰基化法合成碳酸二苯酯

Effect of doping cerium in the support on the catalytic activity and side product of the reaction in the oxidative carbonylation of phenol to diphenyl carbonate (DPC) over the catalyst Pd-Co/Cu-Co-Mn mixed oxides was studied. The specific surface areas, crystal phase, valency, and content of the element on the surface of the catalysts were determined, and the products were detected by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is found that the catalyst without Ce shows higher activity than that with Ce, and the yields of DPC for the two catalysts can reach 30% and 23%, respectively. However, doping cerium can prevent the formation of 2-hydroxyphenyl benzoate and p-bromophenyl phenyl carbonate.