Use of grape by‐product as a source of dietary fibre and phenolic compounds in sourdough mixed rye bread

The study evaluated the effect of grape by‐products (GP) on the chemical composition, soluble (SDF) and insoluble (IDF) dietary fibre, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AA) and organoleptic characteristics of sourdough mixed rye bread. The following samples of sourdough mixed rye bread were prepared: control bread (BC) and breads with GP at four different levels: 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Addition of GP significantly improves dietary fraction contents, as bread with a 10% addition of GP accounts for 39% and 37% higher contents of IDF and SDF than BC. The assay of radical‐scavenging activity and reducing ability showed that GP addition greatly enhanced antioxidant properties of mixed rye breads. Profiles of phenolic compounds of supplemented breads were dominated by procyanidin B1 and B2, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid and myricetin. With an increase in the level of GP, the hardness and gumminess of the bread significantly increase. Although both BC and supplemented breads showed common volatile compound profiles, there were slight differences in the concentrations of those components. Sensory evaluation of GP‐enhanced breads revealed that a maximum of 6% GP could be incorporated to prepare acceptable products.     

Physical, chemical and mineralogical characterisation of hydraulically disposed fine coal ash from SASOL Synfuels

Coal serves as the primary energy source in most parts of the world. It is a fact that coal combustion yields enormous quantities of fly ash some of which are either hydraulically placed or dry dumped. The current study attempts to provide a comprehensive characterisation of a disused alkaline fine coal ash dam (FCAD) towards assessing environmental impact, rehabilitation and utilisation potential. Fine coal ash refers to a combination of approximately 83% power station fly ash and 17% gasification and bottom ash fines (particles <250 μm) at SASOL Synfuels. The hydration products found in Weathered Fine Coal Ash (WFCA) using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) are analcime, calcite, C-S-H gel, ettringite, hydrated gehlenite (Strätlingite), magnetite, periclase, pyrrhotite and sillimanite. High resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results provide additional proof that hydration products are present in WFCA. No indication of appreciable leaching was given by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) results except calcium and silicon. Thus evidence exists that pollutants from saline brines are immobilised in WFCA and an insight of reaction kinetics was obtained. High content of amorphous phase and lack of alteration in some geotechnical properties suggest that WFCA can be reutilised with lime addition to increase alkalinity and activate pozzolanic reactions.     

Synthetic Studies of Biomimetic Diels–Alder Processes toward the Helicterin Family of Natural Products

Although the [2.2.2]-bicyclooctene core of the helicterin, helisorin, and helisterculin class of neolignan natural products could conceivably arise in Nature via Diels–Alder reactions, synthetic explorations have revealed that only under very non-biomimetic conditions can such cycloadditions be performed. In this article, we provide a personal account of explorations towards this natural product family, sharing some additional unpublished synthetic work to test the viability of an alternate, Diels–Alder-based, biogenetic hypothesis for the generation of this unique collection of secondary metabolites.     

Strategy Evolution in the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A Methyl Ester

This review highlights the many challenges overcome during our recent synthetic campaign towards spirastrellolide A, a structurally unprecedented antimitotic marine macrolide that potently and selectively inhibits protein phosphatases, and represents a promising lead for anticancer drug discovery. Faced with the initial stereochemical ambiguities, a flexible and modular synthetic strategy was adopted for the construction of increasingly elaborate fragments of the architecturally complex macrolactone to enable further structural elucidation by detailed NMR analysis. A reliable and convergent synthetic route evolved to encompass the use of boron-mediated aldol reactions to install much of the required oxygenation pattern and associated stereocenters, together with a tandem double Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and cyclization to efficiently access the signature DEF-[5,6,6]-bis-spiroacetal region from a linear diene precursor. A pivotal sp²-sp³ Suzuki fragment coupling, followed by a double hydroboration of the resulting diene, then provided an advanced C17-C40 aldehyde which was coupled with a suitable C1-C16 alkyne. Following BC-spiroacetalization, a high yielding Yamaguchi macrolactonization afforded the C1-C40 macrocyclic core, where the full side chain was then introduced by sequential olefin cross-metathesis and π-allyl Stille cross-coupling, culminating in the first total synthesis of spirastrellolide A methyl ester.     

Total Syntheses of Kapakahines E and F

This article describes the synthesis of kapakahines E and F, along with what we believe to be a general method for the total synthesis of the kapakahine family of marine natural products. The method utilizes a unique heterodimerization reaction between bromopyrroloindolines and indole nucleophiles, a novel pyrroloindoline-to-α-carboline rearrangement, and a Negishi coupling reaction of C(3)-iodoindoles.     

Lycopene extraction from extruded products containing tomato skin

To determine the lycopene content of extruded products containing 10% tomato skin, the conditions for solvent extraction were optimised. After three extraction cycles at 50 °C each for 15 min at a solvent to meal ratio of 40:1, a maximum of 6.6 ppm lycopene was extracted. However, the extraction was considered incomplete, thus the product was digested by pancreatin prior to extraction. The extracted lycopene content was increased to 23.5 ppm using the optimum conditions of 20 min of digestion with 10 mg mL^?1 pancreatin. To validate the extraction efficiency at optimum conditions, a set of extruded products containing different lycopene concentrations was used. Digestion increased the extracted lycopene content by more than 2.5‐fold between the products. Furthermore, this inclusion significantly improved the correlation coefficient between the red colour and the extracted lycopene content. Therefore, including a digestion step prior to extraction by solvents was necessary to efficiently extract lycopene from extruded products.     

工业企业产品市场需求量测定方法浅探

分析了在市场经济条件下测定企业产品市场需求量的重要性，探讨了产品市场需求量测定的主要方法，指出了测定方法的运用所必须具备的主要条件。     

Hydroxyl Scavenging Activity of Glucose, Fructose, and Ribose-Lysine Model Maillard Products

Nondialyzable model Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were synthesized by reacting L-lysine with D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-ribose under different conditions of reaction time, temperature, pH, and water activity (a_w). Five experiments common to all three models yielding greater than 0.5g of MRPs were assessed for antioxidant activity. All MRPs exhibited detectable, but variable, non site-specific hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging activity (30–90%) in the deoxyribose assay. MRPs derived from a ribose-lysine study showed the highest ·OH scavenging activity (80–90%) in both deoxyribose and DNA nicking assays. All MRPs at higher concentrations (0.2 mg/mL) decreased lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid emulsions. Relative effectiveness of different MRPs to scavenge free radicals can vary with reaction conditions and substrates.     

钼和钼合金深加工技术进展

介绍了国内深加工钼材的现状和近期生产、消费、进出口、科技进展和发展方向。     

钢铁企业亏损产品的生产决策依据

对钢铁企业亏损产品的生产决策依据做了探讨。认为对于亏损产品不能简单地以贡献边际及生产能力可否转移作为是否停的的决策依据，而应综合考虑公司的效益。当中间工序的生产能力可以转移时，应引入机会成本来评价亏损产品的亏损程序。这一机会成本是指以中间工序生产盈利产品的单位利润作为因生产亏损产品而使总公司丧失的收益。该机会成本应当作为亏损产品的变动成本，进而应用贡献边际的方法评价其盈亏，方可作为决策依据。