不同工艺参数对金属熔滴沉积成形影响

采用数值计算与试验分析相结合的方法,深入研究了不同工艺参数(沉积距离、扫描速度、熔体温度、基板温度、喷嘴直径等),单颗金属熔滴的沉积、铺展变化,验证了当前模型的正确性.通过对单颗金属熔滴沉积行为的研究,建立了单道/多道水平搭接成形数值计算模型,探索了金属熔滴在小空间、大温度梯度环境下沉积成形中熔体流动、铺展、凝固成形机理,结果表明,在典型特征截面上搭接成形时,通过优化工艺参数,可以获得熔滴沉积中的主要特征因素与成形形貌、内部质量之间的影响规律,为后续复杂金属件的熔滴液流沉积成形提供了技术支持和参考依据.     

Study on new GMA welding process with duplex current feeding

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) under pure argon shielding gas atmosphere (pure argon-GMAW) is suitable to obtain a high-strength and high toughness welded joint. However, it is difficult that pure argon-GMA welding is applied practically welding structure because of arc instability. In order to perform stable pure argon-GMA welding, duplex current feeding GMAW (DCF-GMAW) has been developed. The DCF-GMAW consists of primary GMA welding current and secondary welding current by constant-current power resource. DFC-GMAW can feed larger current near wire tip. This effect makes that weld penetration depth is deeper, weld bead shape is improved using DCF-GMAW.     

电流/电压匹配对铝合金激光-电弧复合焊接过程稳定性的影响

文中借助HANNOVER电弧分析仪和高速摄像机等设备,对不同电弧电压和焊接电流焊接过程进行实时监测,分析不同电参数对焊缝成形质量的影响;并验证激光的存在对波形的稳定具有一定的作用. 结果表明,主辅“双重导电通道”的消失、熔滴过渡方式跳变和焊接飞溅等不确定因素,均会导致电弧电压、电流波形图出现紊乱和尖角. 焊缝成形方面,随着电弧电压的增加,熔宽先增大后减少;而熔深则不断上升. 而电流增大时,焊缝的熔深熔宽不断增大. 因为电弧电压增大,改变了电弧的形态;而电流的增加则改变电弧的受力和能量.     

液体黏度和表面张力对滤材气液过滤性能的影响

利用滤材实验装置,研究了黏度和表面张力等液体物性参数对气液过滤性能的影响。结果表明:液体黏度对滤材压降影响较小,滤材稳态压降基本不变,液体黏度较小时滤材出口液滴浓度较大,且出口有较多粒径较大的液滴;而液体表面张力对滤材压降有较大影响,液体表面张力较大时出口液滴浓度较大。并利用Ohnesorge数对滤材出口液滴浓度进行了分析,Ohnesorge数越大,则出口液滴浓度越低。     

Multi – oil droplet recognition of oil-water two-phase flow based on integrated features

Multi-oil droplet target recognition is one of the applications of machine vision in the measurement of oil-water two-phase flow parameters, which could combine other algorithms to obtain the oil droplet velocity and the water holdup of oil water two-phase flow. Appropriate target representation features can improve the recognition effect of multiple oil droplets. However, due to shooting environment differences and quality differences of oil-water two-phase flow images, existing target representation features do not perform well in low-quality oil-water two-phase flow images. To improve the precision of multi-oil droplet target recognition in oil-water two-phase flow and reduce the miss rate, this paper constructs an integrated feature on the basis of aggregate channel features (ACF). The integrated feature named aggregate channel features with histogram of local gravitational feature（ACFHG） contains the color feature channels reflecting the overall color features of the oil droplet sample, the gradient amplitude channel reflecting the overall gradient of the oil droplet sample image, the gradient direction histogram feature channels reflecting the local gradient of the oil droplet sample image, and the local gravitational feature channels that ensure oil droplet target recognition in low quality photos and photos taken in complex shooting environments. Moreover, the rotation invariance is obtained by taking the oriented gradient histogram of the local gravitational feature to further improve the multi-oil droplet target recognition effect. Experiment results show that the average precision of multi-oil droplet target recognition using the integrated features is 83.38%, which is 9.93% higher than that with using ACF, and the miss rate is 9.13%, which is 57.18% lower than that with using ACF. Compared with other existing target detection methods, the method proposed in this paper still has an advantage in the rate of missed detection.     

How far droplets can move in indoor environments--revisiting the Wells evaporation-falling curve

A large number of infectious diseases are believed to be transmitted between people via large droplets and by airborne routes. An understanding of evaporation and dispersion of droplets and droplet nuclei is not only significant for developing effective engineering control methods for infectious diseases but also for exploring the basic transmission mechanisms of the infectious diseases. How far droplets can move is related to how far droplet-borne diseases can transmit. A simple physical model is developed and used here to investigate the evaporation and movement of droplets expelled during respiratory activities; in particular, the well-known Wells evaporation-falling curve of droplets is revisited considering the effect of relative humidity, air speed, and respiratory jets. Our simple model considers the movement of exhaled air, as well as the evaporation and movement of a single droplet. Exhaled air is treated as a steady-state non-isothermal (warm) jet horizontally issuing into stagnant surrounding air. A droplet is assumed to evaporate and move in this non-isothermal jet. Calculations are performed for both pure water droplets and droplets of sodium chloride (physiological saline) solution (0.9% w/v). We calculate the droplet lifetimes and how droplet size changes, as well as how far the droplets travel in different relative humidities. Our results indicate that a droplet's size predominately dictates its evaporation and movement after being expelled. The sizes of the largest droplets that would totally evaporate before falling 2 m away are determined under different conditions. The maximum horizontal distances that droplets can reach during different respiratory activities are also obtained. Our study is useful for developing effective prevention measures for controlling infectious diseases in hospitals and in the community at large. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our study reveals that for respiratory exhalation flows, the sizes of the largest droplets that would totally evaporate before falling 2 m away are between 60 and 100 microm, and these expelled large droplets are carried more than 6 m away by exhaled air at a velocity of 50 m/s (sneezing), more than 2 m away at a velocity of 10 m/s (coughing) and less than 1 m away at a velocity of 1 m/s (breathing). These findings are useful for developing effective engineering control methods for infectious diseases, and also for exploring the basic transmission mechanisms of the infectious diseases. There is a need to examine the air distribution systems in hospital wards for controlling both airborne and droplet-borne transmitted diseases.     

Mass transfer characterization for hydrocarbon liquid–particle collision based on sensitive tracing of fluorescent probe

The heat and mass transfer characteristics during the collision process of hydrocarbon droplets and polyethylene particles in a liquid-containing gas–solid polyethylene fluidized bed reactor significantly affect the product quality. In this work, the mass transfer process of single-component hydrocarbon and bi-component hydrocarbon liquid films on the polyethylene particle surface were quantitatively characterized by a newly developed experimental approach, based on a novel synthesized hydrocarbon liquid soluble fluorescent probe for sensitive tracing of hydrocarbon liquid diffusion. It was found that the boiling point and surface tension of the liquid as well as the surface temperature of the particle are the key factors affecting the mass transfer properties of the liquid film. Marangoni convection was observed and characterized on the particle surface. The critical time for the onset of Marangoni flow is between 4 and 8 s.     

Robust generation of monodisperse droplets using a microfluidic step emulsification device with triangular nozzle

In this work, the droplet generation process in the microfluidic step emulsification chip with a triangular nozzle (SE-T) was investigated in the combination of visualization experiment and numerical simulation, through a comparison with a rectangular nozzle (SE-R). The flow regimes, including dripping, dripping-jetting transition, and jetting, were observed in the SE-T, among which the dripping is the preferred flow regime to generate monodispersed droplet with corresponding C.V. (coefficient of variation) of the droplet size smaller than 1.9%. Compared with the SE-R, the larger space and expanding structure of the triangular nozzle in the SE-T enhance the wall wetting effects, which induces earlier appearance and accelerates shrinking of the neck. As a result, the SE-T exhibits more robust droplet performance under the dripping regime, which produces the droplets with nearly unchanged size and higher monodispersity, especially little related to the variations of surfactant concentrations and dispersed phase flow rates.     

A unified interaction model for multiphase flows with the lattice Boltzmann method

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been increasingly adopted for modelling multiphase fluid simulations in engineering problems. Although relatively easy to implement, the ubiquitous Shan–Chen pseudopotential model suffers from limitations such as thermodynamic consistency and the formation of spurious currents. In the literature, the Zhang–Chen, Kupershtokh et al., the β-scheme, and the Yang–He alternative models seek to mitigate these effects. Here, through analytical manipulations, we call attention to a unified model from which these multiphase interaction forces can be recovered. Isothermal phase-transition simulations of single-component in stationary and oscillating droplet conditions, as well as spinodal decomposition calculations, validate the model numerically and reinforce that the multiphase forces are essentially equivalent. Parameters are selected based on the vapour densities at low temperatures in the Maxwell coexistence curve, where there is a narrow range of optimal values. We find that expressing the model parameters as functions of the reduced temperature further enhances the thermodynamic consistency without losing stability or increasing spurious velocities.     

基于作用力分析的分裂液滴内空泡时间稳定性研究

基于线性稳定性理论,推导出描述超空化时分裂液滴内空化气泡稳定性的数学模型;在此基础上,从分裂液滴内空泡的受力角度对空化气泡的时间稳定性进行研究。研究结果表明,液滴黏性力使空泡稳定性增强;相对于空气及空泡的黏性力而言,液滴黏性力对空泡的稳定性起主导性作用。空泡惯性力是影响空泡稳定性的主要因素,对空泡稳定性具有不利影响,其影响程度与空泡液滴半径比密切相关,空泡惯性力对空泡稳定性的影响随空泡液滴半径比的增大而显著增强。空泡可压缩力、液滴内部气动力以及空泡液滴界面处的表面张力有利于空泡稳定,其变化对空泡稳定性的影响受空泡液滴半径比的影响相对较小;液滴外部气动力对空泡稳定性的影响相对较小。建立分裂液滴内空化气泡临界破碎准则,并对分裂液滴内空化气泡的破碎进行分析;分析结果表明,空泡维持时间受空泡生长速度和空泡液滴半径比的影响;对于某一确定初始空泡液滴半径比的分裂液滴来说,有其最大空泡极限破碎半径;空泡极限破碎半径随初始空泡液滴半径比的增加而减小。