Collective efficacy: A neglected construct in the study of schools and student achievement.

A theoretical analysis is advanced that discusses social cognitive theory at the group level to explain the formation and impact of collective efficacy. The study used student- and school-level data from a sample of urban elementary schools. Consistent with social cognitive theory, mastery experience was found to be a significant predictor of differences between schools in teachers' collective efficacy perceptions. In addition, after controlling for student demographic characteristics and prior achievement, collective efficacy was positively and significantly related to differences among schools in student achievement. Finally, the amount of consensus among faculty members regarding collective efficacy perceptions was not a significant predictor of student achievement, nor was it significantly related to school socioeconomic status or minority concentration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Incremental Validity of New Clinical Assessment Measures.

The authors address conceptual and methodological foundations of incremental validity in the evaluation of newly developed clinical assessment measures. Incremental validity is defined as the degree to which a measure explains or predicts a phenomenon of interest, relative to other measures. Incremental validity can be evaluated on several dimensions, such as sensitivity to change, diagnostic efficacy, content validity, treatment design and outcome, and convergent validity. Indices of incremental validity can vary depending on the criterion measures, comparison measures, and individual differences in samples. The authors review the rationale for, principles, and methods of incremental validation, including the selection of comparison and criterion measures, and address data analytic strategies and the conditional nature of incremental validity evaluations in the selection of measures. Incremental validity contributes to, but is different from, cost-benefits, which reflect the cost of acquiring the data and the benefits from the data. The impact of an incremental validity index on whether a measure is selected will be moderated by the cost of acquiring the new data, the importance of the measured phenomenon, and the clinical utility of the new data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aripiprazole: A novel antipsychotic with dopamine stabilizing properties.

Notes that research in the field of psychopharmacology continues to focus on the development of antipsychotic agents that represent significant improvements over currently available agents in terms of side-effect profiles and efficacy. Several different lines of research have emerged, some of which capitalize on advances already attained with atypical or second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), while others work towards identifying novel pharmacological targets around which to develop new agents. Although activity at serotonin receptors was a focus in the development of SGAs, dopamine remains the primary neurotransmitter of interest. One strategy has been to develop compounds that interact with dopamine receptors in ways that are different from those demonstrated by currently available agents. This approach has met with some experimental and clinical success, and has produced at least one agent--aripiprazole--which was recently approved for use in the US. Biochemical analysis has indicated that, as a potent partial D? agonist, aripiprazole works as an agonist at the presynaptic D? autoreceptors and as an antagonist at the postsynaptic D? receptors. It also exerts antagonist effects--like those of the atypical agents--at the 5-HT2A receptor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An examination of the efficacy of conjoint behavioral consultation with diverse clients.

This study explored the efficacy of conjoint behavioral consultation (CBC) by assessing objective outcomes and social validity with a sample of students with and without diversity. Diversity characteristics that were investigated included ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family composition, maternal education level, and language spoken in the home. Behavioral change, goal attainment, acceptability, satisfaction, and perceptions of efficacy of the CBC model were measured with 125 students representing varying levels of diversity, and 192 target behaviors. Data were collected across 8 years of a federally funded training program across two states. Findings indicated that CBC-mediated interventions yielded generally high effect sizes regardless of the presence of diversity or the number of diverse characteristics exhibited. Social validity measures also yielded very favorable results, suggesting that participants (teachers and family members, including those who experienced some form of diversity) found the procedures positive. Implications for research and practice are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation: Differences Between Men and Women.

Gender differences in the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) were examined in a meta-analytical review of 90 effect sizes obtained from a sample of 21 double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized studies. Although NRT was more effective for men than placebo at 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups, the benefits of NRT for women were clearly evident only at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Giving NRT in conjunction with high-intensity nonpharmacological support was more important for women than men. That is, NRT and low support were efficacious for women at only short-term follow-up, and men benefited from NRT at all the follow-ups regardless of the intensity of the adjunct support. The results suggest that long-term maintenance of NRT treatment gains decrease more rapidly for women than men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

三门峡水电站提高汛期发电效率分析

198 9～ 1998年三门峡水电站进行了 10年汛期浑水发电试验。除进行材料试验解决了抗磨蚀问题以外 ,重点提出了“洪水排沙 ,平水发电”的运用方式。通过试验运用证明 ,“洪水排沙 ,平水发电”可有效提高汛期发电运行小时数和水量利用率 ,虽然汛期发电天数小于全汛期发电时汛期平均发电天数 ,但发电量显著增加     

Discharge characteristics of a new ACPDP structure using Thick‐Film Ceramic Sheet technology

Abstract— We have proposed a counterelectrode PDP structure in which the sustain and scan electrodes are embedded face to face in the ribs by applying Thick‐Film Ceramic Sheet technology. An advantage of the counterelectrode PDP is low discharge voltage, which does not depend on the dielectric thickness. A positive column is observed at a longer gap, and the luminous efficacy reaches 3.7 lm/W at Ne‐30%Xe at a 450‐μm discharge gap.     

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: Time course and mechanisms of change.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment of bulimia nervosa, but its mechanisms of action have not been established. In this study the authors analyzed the results of a randomized control trial comparing CBT with Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) to identify possible mediators of change of CBT for BN and its time course of action. Reduction in dietary restraint as early as Week 4 mediated posttreatment improvement in both binge eating and vomiting. Measures of self-efficacy concerning eating behavior, negative affect, and body shape and weight at midtreatment were also significantly associated with posttreatment outcome at 20 wks. No evidence was found that the therapeutic alliance mediated treatment outcome. CBT had a significantly more rapid treatment effect than IPT, with 62% of posttreatment improvement evident by Week 6. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

农药可分散油悬浮剂的进展、加工和应用(Ⅱ)

农药可分散油悬浮剂既避免使用任何溶剂,也无粉尘产生,是一种安全、环保的优良剂型。论述可分散油悬浮剂的进展、优缺点、组成(包括农药活性成分、非水介质、分散剂、乳化剂和增稠剂等)、加工方法、药效以及影响剂型稳定的因素和对策。指出可分散油悬浮剂有较高的药效,但与悬浮剂相比成本高和开发难度较大,一般有特殊需要,才去加工可分散油悬浮剂。     

新型立体式网状宫内节育器初步临床观察

为了观察新型立体式网状宫内节育器(3-DR-IUD)的避孕效果及副反应,将152例志愿受试者随机分为两组,即接受3-DR-IUD组和放置元宫药铜宫内节育器(2-D-IUD)组,每组各76例,常规放置3-DR-IUD和2-D-IUD。分别于术后1个月、3个月、6个月和12个月进行随访,了解放置宫内节育器(IUD)后副反应(如腹痛、腰痛、阴道出血持续时间及出血量、白带等)的发生率、带器妊娠率、IUD脱落率、因症取出率、续用率及避孕效果,并利用B超、X光腹部平片检查3-DR-IUD位置等。两组各76例均成功放置了IUD,术中均无明显疼痛。3-DR-IUD组术后出现白带增多、月经期延长、不规则出血、月经量增多及腰腹部疼痛等副反应6例(7.9%),而2-D-IUD组出现31例(40.8%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.0001)。3-DR-IUD组无脱落,无带器妊娠者,3个月时因对硅橡胶过敏取出1例,12个月时终止率为1.3%,续用率为98.7%(75/76);2-DIUD组终止率为13.2%,续用率为86.8%(66/76),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.009)。实验结果表明,3-DR-IUD具有很好的避孕效果,术后副反应轻微,可为育龄妇女提供新的、安全、高效的IUD。