High Intensity Ultrasound for Salmonella Enteritidis Inactivation in Culture and Liquid Whole Eggs

High intensity ultrasound (HIU) continues to be researched as a nonthermal inactivation technology of appeal to food manufacturers. The advantages of HIU include maintenance of product quality, freshness, product homogenization, along with simultaneous inactivation of pathogens. Besides, it is simple, relatively inexpensive, and easily adaptable to most processing environments. This study investigated the effect of HIU for Salmonella Enteritidis inactivation in culture and liquid whole eggs (LWEs) to decrease egg‐associated outbreaks. Overnight S. Enteritidis cultures and spiked LWE (both at 8 log CFU/mL) were treated with 20‐kHz HIU for 0, 1, 5, 10, and 30 min (n = 6) in a temperature‐controlled system, not to exceed 20 °C, and replicated thrice. At each time point, samples were enumerated on XLT4 agar and morphologically analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, with measurements of color and rheological properties. Our results revealed significant reduction of healthy S. Enteritidis cells up to 3.6 log CFU/mL and 2.3 log CFU/25 mL after HIU treatment of merely 10 min of overnight culture and 30 min in LWE, respectively (P < 0.05). After 5 and 10‐min HIU treatment, significant reduction of 1.4‐log CFU/25 mL healthy S. Enteritidis in LWE was obtained (P < 0.05). Even at 1‐min exposure time, HIU showed significant 1.9 log CFU/mL reduction of cultures (P < 0.05); however, no log‐reduction was observed in LWE after 1 min. Scanning electron micrographs showed increased cell structural damage using longer HIU exposure. For product color changes, lower redness and yellowness of LWE were observed visually and instrumentally after 5‐min HIU treatment (P < 0.05). The rheological properties of LWE measured at 0 to 200 s^?1 shear rate, showed that shear stress of HIU‐treated LWEs decreased after 5‐min HIU exposure, but increased after 30‐min treatment. This study demonstrated that HIU shows promise for rapid Salmonella control in LWE and other liquid foods, as an alternative inactivation method for use in hurdle approaches.     

褐壳与绿壳鸡胚蛋特色营养物质的含量变化

根据比色法原理,采用酶标仪对2 个品种鸡胚蛋中的胆固醇、卵磷脂、VE含量进行测定。与0胚龄相比,胆固醇呈明显下降趋势,5～12胚龄降幅最大,12胚龄后保持稳定;卵磷脂含量无显著性变化;VE含量逐渐增加,到12胚龄均增加了4 倍,之后保持稳定。2 个品种相比,入孵前绿壳蛋中胆固醇含量为褐壳蛋的79.37%,极显著低于褐壳蛋（P＜0.01）;孵化至12胚龄后,2 个品种的胆固醇含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）;绿壳蛋中的VE无论是在入孵前还是在孵化后期均极显著高于褐壳蛋（P＜0.01）;绿壳鸡胚蛋中的卵磷脂含量与褐壳蛋相比差异不显著（P＞0.05）。总体看来,随着孵化日龄的增加,2 个品种鸡胚蛋中的同种营养成分的变化趋势一致;在12胚龄后胆固醇大大降低,VE含量显著增加,且卵磷脂含量丰富,具有更高的食用价值。     

鲫鱼卵唾液酸糖蛋白对SAMP6小鼠骨丢失的保护作用

本文研究了鲫鱼卵唾液酸糖蛋白(Sialoglycoproteins of Carassius auratus eggs,Ca-SGP)对SAMP6小鼠骨丢失的保护作用。以雄性SAMP6小鼠为老年性骨质疏松症动物模型,连续灌胃Ca-SGP 150d后,检测血清骨代谢生化标志物,测定小鼠股骨矿化沉积率、胫骨骨密度及松质骨微结构。结果显示,经Ca-SGP(500mg/kg·bw)干预后,小鼠血清中骨生成标志物骨源性碱性磷酸酶的活性和I型前胶原羧基端前肽、骨钙素的含量得到显著升高(p0.01),骨吸收标志物抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶和组织蛋白酶K的活性得到显著抑制(p0.01);胫骨骨密度提高10.92%(p0.01);松质骨骨体积分数、骨小梁数目及厚度均得到显著增加(p0.01),骨小梁间隙显著缩小(p0.01);骨矿化沉积率提高98.87%,差异显著(p0.01)。该研究表明Ca-SGP可改善老年性骨质疏松症小鼠低骨转换,提高骨密度,改善骨小梁结构,促进骨矿化,为开发抗骨质疏松症药物和功能食品提供了理论支持。     

高效液相色谱法测定鸡蛋中4种氟喹诺酮类 药物的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法同时测定鸡蛋中环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星和达氟沙星4种药物的残留量。方法样品经磷酸盐提取液提取后,经反相C_(18)柱分离,采用0.05 mol/L磷酸-三乙胺溶液:乙腈(85:15,V:V)流动相进行等度洗脱,流速为0.8 m L/min,采用荧光检测器在激发波长280 nm、发射波长450 nm的条件下进行测定,以外标法定量。结果环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和沙拉沙星在0.005~0.5μg/m L、达氟沙星在0.001~0.1μg/m L浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9998,加标回收率为96.5%~103%,相对标准偏差为0.83%~1.28%。结论该方法精确可靠,重复性、稳定性和分离效果好,可适用于测定鸡蛋中氟喹诺酮类药物的残留量。     

Resuspension and settling of helminth eggs in water: Interactions with cohesive sediments

Helminth parasite eggs in low quality water represent main food safety and health hazards and are therefore important indicators used to determine whether such water can be used for irrigation. Through sedimentation helminth eggs accumulate in the sediment, however resuspension of deposited helminth eggs will lead to increased concentration of suspended eggs in the water. Our study aimed to determine the erodibility (erosion rate and erosion threshold) and settling velocity of Ascaris and Trichuris eggs as well as cohesive sediment at different time points after incorporation into the sediment. Cohesive sediment collected from a freshwater stream was used to prepare a sediment bed onto which helminth eggs were allowed to settle. The erodibility of both sediment and helminth eggs was found to decrease over time indicating that the eggs were incorporated into the surface material of the bed and that this material was stabilized through time. This interaction between eggs and bulk sediment was further manifested in an increased settling velocity of suspended eggs when sediment was present in the suspension as compared to a situation with settling in clean water. The incorporation into the sediment bed and the aggregation with sediment particles decrease the mobility of both helminth egg types. Our findings document that helminth eggs should not be viewed as single entities in water systems when modelling the distribution of eggs since both erodibility and settling velocity of eggs are determined by mobility of the sediment present in the water stream. Recalculation of the erosion threshold for helminth eggs and sediment showed that even at relatively low current velocities i.e. 0.07-0.12 m s⁻¹ newly deposited eggs will be mobile in open irrigation channels. These environmental factors affecting resuspension must be taken into account when developing models for sedimentation of helminth eggs in different water systems.     

Fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of table eggs from laying hens fed hempseed and hempseed oil

Hempseed (HS) is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with approximately 17% of total fatty acids as alpha-linolenic acid. As such, HS and its oil may be used in hen diet formulations to produce eggs enriched in essential fatty acids. Because omega-3 eggs have the potential for unpleasant aromas and flavors, the current study was designed to assess the fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of eggs procured from hens consuming diets containing hempseed oil (HO) or HS. A total of 48 individually caged White Bovan hens received 1 of 6 diets containing 4%, 8%, 12% HO, 10%, 20% HS or 0% hemp (w/w) for 12 wk. Total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content was highest in the 12% HO group (15.3 mg/g of yolk) compared to the control (2.4 mg/g of yolk). Trained panellists (n= 8) found no significant differences (P≥ 0.05) in aroma or flavor between cooked eggs from different dietary treatments, with the exception of sweet flavor. The 4% HO group yielded the least sweet eggs compared to the 20% HS group, which was highest. For yolk color, L*, a*, and b* values (Mean ± SEM) for control eggs were 61.2 ± 0.10, 1.1 ± 0.05, and 43.0 ± 0.22, respectively. Addition of hemp led to significant (P < 0.001) reductions in L*, and significant increases in a* and b*, with the largest changes observed in the 20% HS treatment (L*= 58.7 ± 0.10; a*= 5.8 ± 0.05; b*= 60.5 ± 0.22). The results show that hemp use in hen diets leads to increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and color intensity of egg yolks, but does not have adverse effects on the sensory profiles of the cooked eggs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provides evidence that HS and hempseed oil (HO) can safely be utilized as feed ingredients for laying hens to produce table eggs that are enriched in essential fatty acids. Additionally, the eggs procured from these hens had similar aroma and flavor compared to eggs from hens not fed any hemp. The greater the dietary hemp inclusion, the more pigmented the resulting yolks became in terms of darkness, redness, and yellowness.     

不同区域禽蛋价格传导分析

利用Johansen协整检验等数学方法对我国禽蛋主产和主销区28对市场组合的价格传导情况进行了分析。结果表明,我国禽蛋主产区和主销区价格存在协整关系,并且禽蛋价格传导路径以从销区向产区传递和相互影响为主,表明我国禽蛋市场是消费主导型。     

北京市城镇居民品牌鸡蛋消费的影响因素分析

在消费需求理论和消费行为理论的基础上,应用统计分析和计量分析方法,实证分析了影响北京市城镇居民品牌鸡蛋消费的主要因素。研究结果表明,居民品牌鸡蛋的消费量受到鸡蛋自身价格、收入、年龄、地域等因素的影响。