Catalytic properties and electronic structure of copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5

The effect of ion exchange conditions, such as Si/Al ratio, precursor copper salt, pH and concentration of the solution, on the catalytic activity in SCR of NO by propane and on the electronic state of copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5 has been studied. The NO conversion in NO SCR by C₃H₈ has been found to reach a maximum value at Cu/Al ratio about 0.37–0.4 and remain constant at higher Cu/Al.

ESR and UV–vis DR spectroscopy have been used to elucidate stabilization conditions of copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5 zeolites as isolated Cu²⁺ ions, chain copper oxide structures and square-plain oxide clusters. The ability of copper ions for reduction and reoxidation in the chain structures may be responsible for the catalytic activity of Cu-ZSM-5. These transformations of copper ions are accompanied by the observation of intervalence transitions Cu²⁺–Cu⁺ and CTLM of the chain structures in the UV–vis spectra.     

Life cycle of hydroprocessing catalysts and total catalyst management

Hydroprocessing catalysts based on Ni, Co, Mo and W are used in various refinery processing applications where several deactivation mechanisms become of importance (coke formation, active phase sintering, metals deposition, poisoning) in the catalyst's life cycle. The life cycle of commercial hydroprocessing catalysts is very complex and includes the catalyst production, sulfidation, use, oxidative regeneration followed by re-sulfidation and reuse or, if reuse is not possible, recycling or disposal. To understand the changes in catalyst properties taking place during a life cycle, the catalyst quality in the different stages can be best monitored by using advanced analytical techniques. The catalyst's life cycle is further complicated by numerous technical, environmental and organizational issues involved. In principle, different companies can be involved in each of the life cycle steps. Leading catalyst manufacturers, together with specialized firms, offer refineries a total catalyst management concept, starting with the purchase of the fresh catalyst and ending with its final recycling or disposal. Total catalyst management includes a broad range of services, ensuring optimal timing during the change-out process, reliable, smooth and safe operations, minimal downtime and maximum catalyst and unit performance.     

Mining for trigger events with survival analysis

This paper discusses a new application of data mining, quantifying the importance of responding to trigger events with reactive contacts. Trigger events happen during a customer’s lifecycle and indicate some change in the relationship with the company. If detected early, the company can respond to the problem and retain the customer; otherwise the customer may switch to another company. It is usually easy to identify many potential trigger events. What is needed is a way of prioritizing which events demand interventions. We conceptualize the trigger event problem and show how survival analysis can be used to quantify the importance of addressing various trigger events. The method is illustrated on four real data sets from different industries and countries.     

一维ZnO纳米结构的电子场发射研究

在大量制备一维ZnO纳米结构的基础上,研究了这些纳米结构的场发射性能。对于四角状ZnO纳米结构,获得1.0m Ac/m2的电流密度只需要4.5V/μm的电场;对于线状Z nO纳米结构,获得1.0mAc/m 2的电流密度需要6.5V/μm的电场。由于其特殊的结构,四角状ZnO一维纳米结构在真空电子器件方面有很好的应用前景。     

电子束、离子束与蓝宝石相互作用的研究

研究了电子束、离子束作用于Al2O3表面时成分的变化，表明无论电子束或离子束都能使Al2O3发生分解，产生导电的元素Al。实验在PHI610·SAM上进行，电子束轰击下（3keV，O．5μA，入射角60°）10s就有元素Al分解出来，2min以后就达到饱和，分解析出量随时间成a（1－e－bt）的关系。离子束轰击下同样发生元素Al的分解，但当Ei＞3keV时，由于剥离速率加大，溅射5min时表面Al峰反而比1min时要弱。这时表面Al含量处于分解析出与溅射剥离的动态平衡中。实验还发现了Al2O3的解析与表面成分有关（如碳的含量）。最后讨论电子束与离子束的解析机理。     

A portable cryo-storage system for low-temperature scanning electron microscopy,suitable for international transport of cryo-specimens

A cryo-specimen storage system for low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) specimens is described, which: liberates multi-specimen experiments from sampling restrictions imposed by the rate at which LTSEM specimens can be examined in the SEM; provides security against experiment loss resulting from breakdown of the SEM or cryo-system; enables collection of specimens in the field or in laboratories remote from the SEM laboratory; and facilitates international air transport of LTSEM specimens. The components of the system, which has a capacity of 98 stub-mounted specimens, are readily made in a laboratory workshop. The details of the design may be altered to suit particular specimen types or experimental approaches.     

氮化钛薄膜的高分辨AES谱和XPS谱研究

着重讨论了TiNx薄膜俄歇电子谱的定量分析方法和X射线光电子谱中线形的变化。利用已知组元强度定量分析技术和Ti的LMV俄歇电子峰，探讨TiNx薄膜中N含量的定量方法。由该方法给出的定量结果与X射线光电子谱定量结果相一致。同时，利用X射线光电子谱测定了TiN和Ti2N2p轨道的结合能。并针对Ti2p峰形随N含量的变化，给出新的解释。     

Electrical characterization of very-narrow-gap bulk HgCdTe single crystals by variable magnetic field hall measurements

Variable-magnetic-field Hall measurements (0 to 1.5 T) are performed on very-narrow-gap bulk-grown Hg_1−xCd_xTe single crystals (0.165 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) at various temperatures (10 to 300K). The electron densities and mobilities are obtained within the one-carrier (electrons) approximation of the reduced-con-ductivity-tensor scheme. The present data together with the selected data set reported by other workers exhibit a pronounced peak when the electron mobility is plotted against the alloy composition x-value which has been predicted to be due to the effective-mass minimum at the bandgap-crossing (E_g ≈ 0). The observed position (x ≈ 0.165), height (≈4 x 10² m²Vs), and width (≈0.01 in x) of the mobility-peak can be explained by a simple simulation involving only ionized-impurity scattering. A lower bound of the effective mass is introduced as a fitting parameter to be consistent with the finiteness of the observed electron mobility and is found to be of the order of 10⁻⁴ of the mass of a free electron.     

On the applied stress dependence of the subgrain size

The present work studies the collection of experimental data from which Raj and Pharr (Mater. Sci. Eng., 81 (1986) 217) deduced a universal empirical dependence of the subgrain size on the applied stress. In accord with their result and some theoretical predictions the normalized subgrain size d_s/b was ssumed to be proportional to G/σ (G is the shear modulus, b the Burgers vector length, σ the applied stress). The evaluated factor of proportionality K₁, having the value within the interval from 0.76 to 180 in the inspected data sets, was discussed from the point of view of various factors which can influence the experimental data.