C_(10)~C_(14)烷基糖苷的合成及其作为乳化剂的应用

采用直接法合成了碳链长度为C10~C14的烷基糖苷(APG),用红外光谱对产品结构进行了表征,研究了烷基糖苷浓度及碳链长度对产品表、界面性质的影响。结果表明:随烷基糖苷浓度增大,水溶液表面张力、柴油-水界面张力降逐渐降低,而起泡性、泡沫稳定性逐渐增强。烷基糖苷碳链越长,临界胶束浓度(cmc)值越低;水溶液表面张力、柴油-水界面张力越低,起泡性、泡沫稳定性越强。基于烷基糖苷良好的表、界面性质,将其作为乳化剂制备成乳液,并与常见非离子表面活性剂OP-10制备的乳液进行了对比。烷基糖苷乳化性随浓度增大、碳链长度增长而增强;乳液微观形态表明不同碳链烷基糖苷形成乳状液稳定性、液滴均一性、填充性均优于OP-10稳定的乳液;稳定时间对乳液微观形态影响不大。所合成烷基糖苷中性能最优的为C14APG。     

油基钻井液用纳米材料CQ-NZC的封堵性能评价

封堵性是油基钻井液的一个重要评价指标,提高油基钻井液的封堵性有助于井壁稳定,促进快速安全钻井.本文通过使用砂芯漏斗来模拟页岩的微裂缝,建立了一种新的评价油基钻井液封堵性能的方法,利用该方法对自制的纳米材料CQ-NZC在钻井液封堵性及其与氧化沥青封堵剂的复合作用开展了实验研究.结果表明,CQ-NZC在与沥青类封堵剂复配使用时,能够更好地降低滤失量、提高封堵性能.通过微观形态分析发现,CQ-NZC与沥青类封堵剂可以在一定程度上聚结,形成堵孔粒子,提升了钻井液体系的封堵性能.     

More durable make-up based on pigmented water-in-solvent emulsions

The ideal make-up would be applied in the morning, stay on for the whole day with no noticeable deterioration in spite of heat, moisture and abrasion, and be removed easily at night with normal cleansers. Make-up items based upon pigmented oil-in-water emulsions have poor durability on the skin because the residual oil film is sensitive to body heat and abrasion, and the hydrophilic emulsifier system is sensitive to moisture. The use of volatile solvents in the oil phase together with the adoption of a water-in-oil emulsion system enables much more durable colour effects to be produced on the skin. Stability of the emulsion system is critical and depends on correct choice of emulsifiers, ratio of water to volatile solvent and pigment level. A significant improvement in emulsion stability and durability on the skin was obtained by the inclusion of a new type of aluminium acylate gel. Examples of this emulsion system which have been successfully developed include cream eyeshadow, and tinted foundation.     

Aryl acrylate porous functional polymer supports from water‐in‐oil‐in‐water multiple emulsions

Porous functional polymer supports are a class of material of wide interest due to the possibility of immobilising reactive species. A simplified procedure was applied for the preparation of porous polymer supports using a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water multiple emulsion. The primary emulsion was a high internal phase emulsion, having a volume fraction of water phase up to 95%. Two reactive acrylates, namely 4‐nitrophenyl acrylate and 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl acrylate, were (separately) incorporated in the oil phase in order to obtain porous reactive polymer supports. Both acrylates were crosslinked with either divinylbenzene or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and beads of size ca 60 µm were obtained after the polymerisation of droplets suspended into the secondary aqueous phase. In the case of 4‐nitrophenyl acrylate and divinylbenzene as a crosslinker, particles with a star shape, the core being ca 60 µm in diameter and the arms ca 180 µm in length, were obtained. The polymers were functionalised with morpholine, tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine, piperidine or piperazine yielding supports with loadings of reactive groups of between 2.6 and 6.6 mmol g^?1. The results show that multiple emulsions can be precursors for porous polymer preparation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaporation from a Three‐Phase Emulsion

The evaporation path was determined for the emulsion system water, linalool and 5% Laureth 4, (L4), from the phase diagram of the components. The initial part of the evaporation took place in a two‐phase region of the emulsion and the path, expressed as fractions of the compounds, was non‐linear reflecting the changed vapour pressure of the linalool. The latter part of the evaporation, on the other hand, occurred through a three‐phase region and the path now formed a straight line. The recently introduced algebraic approach to extracting information from phase diagrams enabled presenting quantitative changes in composition, phase fractions and total content of the emulsion, as well as the vapour pressure versus different variables; including time.     

Evaluation of a simple batch distillation process for treating wastes from metalworking industries

A simple batch distillation process for the treatment of two types of industrial waste generated in a metalworking factory has been evaluated. Both types of waste are oil‐in‐water emulsions composed of numerous compounds and each type has a high content of water‐soluble species. The water‐soluble nature of the wastes precludes the use of conventional treatment technologies, such as ultrafiltration or chemical emulsion breaking, since they need to be complemented with additional treatment processes that would probably increase the cost considerably. A simple characterization of the liquid–vapour equilibrium and a scale‐up study has demonstrated the applicability of this technology. The process allows 90% of the waste to be recovered as water, thus achieving the required quality limits for discharge into a municipal wastewater treatment plant. An approximate estimation of capital investment and operating costs for an existing case has shown the economic viability of this process. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

高硅含量有机无机杂化乳液的制备和溶胶-凝胶驱使成膜

A novel polymer/SiO2 hybrid emulsion (PAES) was prepared by directly mixing colloidal silica with polyacrylate emulsion (PAE) modified by a saline coupling agent. The sol-gel-derived thin films were obtained by addition of co-solvents into the PAES. The effects of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) content and co-solvent on the properties of PAES films were investigated. Dynamic laser scattering (DLS) data indicate that the average diameter of PAES (96 nm) is slightly larger than that of PAE (89 nm). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photo discloses that colloidal silica particles are dispersed uniformly around polyacrylate particles and some of the colloidal silica particles are adsorbed on the surface of PAE particles. The crosslinking degree data and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra confirm that the chemical structure of the PAES is changed to form Si-O-Si-polymer crosslinking networks during the film formation. Atomic force microscope (AFM) photos show the solvent induced sol-gel process of colloidal silica and the Si-based polymer distribution on the film surface of the dried PAES. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves demonstrate that the PAES films display much better thermal stability than PAE.     

A crosslinked waterborne poly(urethane-urea) oligomer enables mechanically strong waterborne polyacrylate–poly(urethane-urea) hybrid films with superior film-forming ability

In this article, a crosslinked waterborne poly(urethane-urea) (WPUU) is synthesized based on the terminal aromatic amine polyether (DP-1000) and aliphatic isophorone diisocyanate. Then WPUU is compound with acrylate monomer by emulsion polymerization to produce waterborne polyacrylate–poly(urethane-urea) (WPUUA) hybrid emulsions. Compared with waterborne polyacrylate (WPA) film, the film-forming ability of WPUUA film is improved and the surface roughness R_a and R_q of WPUUA film decreases from 47.5 and 36.4 nm to 35.2 and 18.8 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of WPUUA films are significantly improved compared to WPA film. In addition, the performances of WPUUA hybrid films can be modified according to requirements by adjusting the molar ratio between DP-1000 and polyisocyanate. As a result, these WPUUA hybrid emulsions have great application potential in waterborne coatings and other fields.     

Vapour pressure of a fragrance ingredient during evaporation in a simple emulsion

The phase diagram water, phenethyl alcohol and laureth 4 was determined and the variation of the vapour pressure of the alcohol was determined during evaporation using gas chromatographic head-space analysis. The phase changes during evaporation were estimated from the phase diagram and compared to the appearance of the emulsion using optical microscopy. The transfer of the fragrance ingredient between different phases during the process was estimated and its measured vapour pressures compared to those calculated from values of earlier determination in different phases in the system. The agreement was good.     

Non-invasive ‘through-package’ assessment of the microstructural quality of a model food emulsion by the NMR MOUSE

Recently, NMR has been demonstrated in a truly non-invasive through-package ‘sensor’ mode, also denoted as the MObile Universal Surface Explorer (MOUSE). In this feasibility study, we present a first example where we use the MOUSE sensor for assessment of the microstructural quality of a food material. We have taken model systems consisting of protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions, where an important microstructural quality parameter is water exudation (WE). In order to establish a sound relation between MOUSE signals and WE, it was necessary to deploy multivariate calibration techniques. It was found that the performance of the MOUSE is comparable to that of conventional benchtop NMR. Thus it was demonstrated that the NMR MOUSE presents a good option for non-invasive assessment of microstructural quality parameters, e.g. in manufacturing and in the supply chain.