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11.
The d.c. electrical conductivity of sodium vanadate, rubidium vanadate, cesium vanadate and their solid solutions sodium-rubidium
vanadate and sodium-cesium vanadate were studied by a two-probe method in the temperature range covering their transition
points. The electrical conductivity shows sharp change at the phase transition temperature of these materials. In NaVO3, RbVO3 and CsVO3, increase in d.c. conductivity is observed in the ferroelectric region while nonlinearities are observed above transition
temperatures. In solid solutions, the activation energy in the paraelectric state is higher than that in the ferroelectric
state and depends upon sodium concentration. 相似文献
12.
Jonathan P. Belnoue Giang D. Nguyen Alexander M. Korsunsky 《International Journal of Fracture》2007,144(1):53-60
This paper presents a new 1-D non-local damage-plasticity deformation model for ductile materials. It uses the thermodynamic
framework described in Houlsby and Puzrin (2000) and holds, nevertheless, some similarities with Lemaitre’s (1971) approach.
A 1D finite element (FE) model of a bar fixed at one end and loaded in tension at the other end is introduced. This simple
model demonstrates how the approach can be implemented within the finite element framework, and that it is capable of capturing
both the pre-peak hardening and post-peak softening (generally responsible for models instability) due to damage-induced stiffness
and strength reduction characteristic of ductile materials. It is also shown that the approach has further advantages of achieving
some degree of mesh independence, and of being able to capture deformation size effects. Finally, it is illustrated how the
model permits the calculation of essential work of rupture (EWR), i.e. the specific energy per unit cross-sectional area that
is needed to cause tensile failure of a specimen. 相似文献
13.
Meng Wai Woo 《Drying Technology》2008,26(1):15-26
Current methods in alleviating the wall deposition problem in spray drying emphasize mainly controlling the stickiness of the drying particles and less attention is placed on the properties of the dryer wall. In this experimental study, the effect of wall surface properties on the deposition mechanism has been investigated. Properties considered in classifying different wall materials were surface energy, roughness, and dielectric properties. The model solution contained sucrose, representing low-molecular-weight sugars commonly encountered in spray drying of fruit and vegetable juices. The effect of wall properties on deposition was explored at different drying rates producing particles of different surface rigidity. Larger surface roughness produced higher deposition fluxes for particles with high impact velocity and moisture. Surface energy and surface roughness were found to have no significant effect for dry rigid particles at the middle and bottom elevation of the drying chamber. However, material with lower surface energy (Teflon) exhibited less deposition for rubbery particles at such elevations. Analysis shows that dielectric wall material (Teflon) tends to enhance deposition of dry particles because of attrition at the surface. Higher wall temperature was found to produce slightly more deposition. The results of this work give a general indication of the effect of wall material on the deposition problem and provide the fundamental understanding for further studies along this line. Proper selection of dryer wall material will provide potential alternatives for reducing the deposition problem. 相似文献
14.
Non-pinched, minimum energy solutions are important class of distillation designs that offer the potential advantage of a better trade-off between capital investment and operating costs. In this paper, two important tasks associated with non-pinched distillation designs are studied. Thus the novel contributions of this work to the literature are
- (1) A comprehensive methodology for finding non-pinched minimum energy designs.
- (2) Understanding of the reasons for the existence of non-pinched distillation designs.
15.
16.
This paper provides a preliminary examination of present and projected land use in Africa to estimate the potential availability of land in 2025 for use in producing biomass energy. Fifty countries are included in the analysis. Future cropland requirements are projected on the basis of average African cereal crop yield improvements since 1972, and minimum nutritional requirements are assumed to be met in 2025 without increasing imports above present absolute levels. Cropland, natural forests and other wilderness areas are excluded from consideration for biomass energy use. Woody biomass energy yields are estimated on the basis of nationally averaged precipitation, using a yield-precipitation correlation for commercial eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. The total African bioenergy production potential in 2025 is estimated to be about 18 EJ per year for a set of baseline assumptions that includes planting only 10% of the available non-crop, non-forest, non-wilderness area with biomass energy crops. A preliminary cost assessment suggests that much of this biomass could be produced for $1–2 GJ−1. A number of uncertainties in the modelling assumptions are examined through a sensitivity analysis. Despite limitations in the model used here, one robust conclusion is that Africa as a whole has a significant biophysical potential for producing biomass energy. This result suggests that more detailed country and sub-country level assessments would be worthwhile to understand better the practical prospects for future biomass energy production in Africa. 相似文献
17.
18.
本文提出励磁电流可自动控制的他励式双高调速系统设计方案。系统在提升特别是在下放重物时,具有较硬的机械性;在负载10-100%的变化范围内,可实现最大偏差Δnmax/nmin100%≤10%,调速范围D≥10;在满载运行条件下,可节约电能80%以上。 相似文献
19.
20.
This paper highlights the possibility of inverse gas chromatography for the surface characterization of common fillers (CaCO3, talc, SiO2,) for paints and coatings. Divided solids are described, on the one hand, by the dispersive component of their surface energy and, on the other, by a specific parameter indicating their acid-base interaction potential. The role of the surface morphology at a molecular level is also examined. It is demonstrated that steric effects play an important role in the adsorption of probes on lamellar solids like talc. The consequences of surface treatments as well as examples of practical applications are also reported. 相似文献