Modeling the life cycle energy and environmental performance of amorphous silicon BIPV roofing in the US

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) perform traditional architectural functions of walls and roofs while also generating electricity. The displacement of utility generated electricity and conventional building materials can conserve fossil fuels and have environmental benefits. A life cycle inventory model is presented that characterizes the energy and environmental performance of BIPV systems relative to the conventional grid and displaced building materials. The model is applied to an amorphous silicon PV roofing shingle in different regions across the US. The electricity production efficiency (electricity output/total primary energy input excluding insolation) for a reference BIPV system (2kW_p PV shingle system with a 6% conversion efficiency and 20 year life) ranged from 3.6 in Portland OR to 5.9 in Phoenix, AZ indicating a significant return on energy investment. The reference system had the greatest air pollution prevention benefits in cities with conventional electricity generation mixes dominated by coal and natural gas, not necessarily in cities where the insolation and displaced conventional electricity were greatest.     

电力污染之谐波的抑制

电力谐波会使电网电能的生产、传输和利用效率降低;使电气设备产生嗓音、缩短使用寿命、故障甚至烧毁;造成电能计量混乱;严重干扰通讯设备和电子设备信号.文中对电力污染中谐波现象及危害进行陈述,分析产生谐波的主要原因,提出治理谐波问题的新思路.     

浅谈重金属对污水处理中活性污泥影响

综述了污水处理中重金属对生物反应动力学常数,活性污泥微生物群落结构及污水生物处理效率的影响,进而研究了重金属对生物脱氮除磷的毒性效应,对提高污水处理效果具有重要的现实意义。     

Influence of soil properties on trace element availability and plant accumulation in a Mediterranean salt marsh polluted by mining wastes: implications for phytomanagement

The aims of this study were to determine the factors which control metal and As phytoavailability in the different microenvironments (Sand Dunes, Salt Flat, Dry River and Shrubs) present at a Mediterranean salt marsh polluted by mining wastes. We performed a field study following a plot sampling survey. The analyses of soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon contents, etc.), total metal and As concentrations and their phytoavailability assessed with EDTA were related to each microenvironment and the corresponding plant species uptake. The averages of pH and EC were slightly alkaline (pH ≈ 7.5) and saline (≈ 2.2 to 17.1 dS m⁻¹) respectively. The soil samples from the Salt Flat subzone showed the highest metal concentrations (e.g. 51 mg kg⁻¹ Cd, 11,600 mg kg⁻¹ Pb) while for As, the highest concentrations occurred in the Dry River (380 mg kg⁻¹ As). The total metal and EDTA-extractable concentrations occurred as it follows: Salt Flat > Dry River > Degraded Dunes > Shrubs. In relation to plant metal and As accumulation, the highest root concentrations were obtained in the species from the Salt Flat subzone: ~ 17 mg kg⁻¹ As, ~ 620 mg kg⁻¹ Pb, for both, Juncus maritimus and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. However the highest metal and As shoot concentrations occurred in species from the Sand Dunes: ~ 23 mg kg⁻¹ As ~ 270 mg kg⁻¹ Pb for Dittrichia viscosa; ~ 23 mg kg⁻¹ As, ~ 390 mg kg⁻¹ Zn for Crucianella maritima. The occurrence of edaphic gradients including salinity and texture determined the vegetation distribution. However, it cannot be concluded that there was a disturbance due to metal(loid)s soil concentrations in terms of vegetation composition except in the Degraded Dunes and Dry River. The higher EDTA-extractable concentrations were coincidental with the most saline soils but this did not result in higher metal(loid)s plant accumulation.     

基于K两端聚类的污秽绝缘子放电状态评估

沿面放电是绝缘子污秽程度及运行状态的重要体现,实时掌握绝缘子的污秽放电状态对污闪的预防具有重大意义.根据污秽绝缘子在放电过程中泄漏电流的波形变化以及放电区段的划分特点,提出了一种基于K两端聚类的动态划分方法.分析污秽绝缘子在运行中受潮、形成干燥带及局部电弧、局部电弧发展至极端闪络的全过程,并依据绝缘子运行中工作电压和泄...     

某110kV输电线路污闪原因分析

污闪是造成线路跳闸的主要原因之一。对高海拔、重污秽地区某110 kV输电线路的运行环境进行了详细分析,并通过污秽测量,绝缘试验以及高海拔地区绝缘子统一爬电比距进行修正计算等综合分析,得出随着环境污秽加重,线路跳闸杆塔绝缘子绝缘配置不满要求是引起本次线路污闪跳闸的主要原因,并提出调爬、及时清扫、涂PRTV防污涂料、采用复合绝缘子等措施,防止污闪跳闸发生。     

500kV系统用无间隙金属氧化物避雷器的优化研究

从三方面对500 kV交流系统用无间隙金属氧化物避雷器进行优化设计,提高了避雷器的运行可靠性和经济效益.首先,对电阻片工艺研究,开发出了高性能的电阻片,其能量吸收能力达到7.8kJ/kV;其次,在有限元法对避雷器的电场进行了优化计算的基础上,对避雷器设计了新型均压环结构,去掉了并联的均压电容.并通过对避雷器进行了实际的...     

Air pollution and meteorological processes in the growing dryland city of Urumqi (Xinjiang, China)

Seven years (2000-2006) of monthly PM₁₀ (particulate matter, d ≤ 10 μm), SO₂, and NO₂ concentrations are reported for Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang in NW China. Considerably high mean annual concentrations have been observed, which ranged between 150 and 240 μg m^− 3 (PM₁₀), 31 and 50 μg m^− 3 (NO₂), and 49 and 160 μg m^− 3 (SO₂). The shapes of seasonal variation of all pollutants were remarkably similar; however, winter/summer ratios of concentrations were quite different for PM₁₀ (2-3) and NO₂ (≈ 4) compared to SO₂ (up to 30). Very high consumption rates of fossil fuels for energy generation and domestic heating are mainly responsible for high annual pollution levels, as well as the (very) high winter/summer ratios. Detailed analysis of the 2000-2006 records of Urumqi's meteorological data resulted in inter-annual and seasonal frequency distributions of (a) (surface) inversion events, (b) heights of surface inversions, (c) stability classes of Urumqi's boundary layer, and (d) the “Air Stagnation Index (ASI)”. Urumqi's boundary layer is shown to be characterized by high mean annual and seasonal frequencies of (surface) inversions and by the dominance of stable dispersion classes. A further outcome of the meteorological analysis is the proof of Urumqi's strong diurnal wind system, which might have particularly contributed to the stabilization of the nocturnal boundary layer. Annual and seasonal variations of pollutant's concentrations are discussed in the context of occurrences of inversions, boundary layer, stability classes, and ASI. The trend of Urumqi's air pollution indicates a strong increase of mean annual concentrations 2000-2003, followed by a slight increase during 2003-2006. These are in strong contrast to (a) the growth of Urumqi's fleet of motor vehicles and (b) to the growing number of stable regimes of Urumqi's boundary layer climate during same period. It is concluded that the (regional and) local administrative technical countermeasures have efficiently lowered Urumqi's air pollution levels.     

Nitrogen pollution and source identification in the Haicheng River basin in Northeast China

A survey was conducted in the Haicheng River near Liaodong Bay to analyze the characteristics and sources of the in-stream nitrogen pollution throughout the year 2010. The results indicated that the total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the river water all exceeded the GB3838-2002 standard for Class V guideline of 2.0 mg/l at all sampling sites during the sampling seasons. Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N) dominated TN during the spring season, while nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) dominated during the summer and autumn seasons. Different forms of nitrogen had significant seasonal variations (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Only NH₃-N and NO₃-N displayed distinct spatial differences at p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively. Most forms of nitrogen were interrelated with physicochemical parameters during different seasons, displaying nitrification and denitrification processes that occurred in the river rather than seasonal biological demand. Based on the nitrogen parameters, the 30 sampling sites were divided into three clusters, by which the pollution sources from chemical nitrogen fertilizers, animal wastes, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater were identified. Generally, the Haicheng River basin provided about 700 tons of the annual TN flux, contributing to the eutrophication of the Liaodong Bay and Bohai Sea.