真空等温铸造技术及应用

在真空环境下,铸型与铸造合金同时加热,液态金属达到一定的过热度后,将高温铸型包围,破真空后,液态金属在大气压力下填充真空高温铸型,创造了极佳的充型条件.研究了真空等温铸造对液态金属充型能力的影响,结果表明,用这种方法生产的泡沫铝充型完整,孔格均匀,孔隙率95%.主网络厚度在0.1～0.25 mm之间,计算表明,壁厚再薄、直径更细的复杂铸件也可以成形.     

对中国铝挤压工业若干问题的探讨

经过48年来的发展中国铝挤压工业成就辉煌，举世瞩目，已成为全球最大的铝材挤压大国与消费大国，成为挤压铝材强国的时日也为期不远了。2003年中国挤压铝材的产量2335kt，消费量1980kt；中国是一个挤压铝型材净出口国，2003年的净出口量为219．24kt。尽管如此，但仍存在一些具有挑战性的问题，诸如：产业结构不合理，研发力量薄弱，能源消费大，低水平重复建设仍在发展，伪劣产品屡禁不止等等。这些问题当然会在今后不断完善的中国社会主义市场发展中得到解决，如果对它们的不足之处有充分的认识并加以妥善解决，就会缩短问题存在的期限，使中国早日跻身世界铝材挤压强国之林。     

Self-Adhesive Polydimethylsiloxane Foam Materials Decorated with MXene/Cellulose Nanofiber Interconnected Network for Versatile Functionalities

Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) foam as one of next-generation polymer foam materials shows poor surface adhesion and limited functionality, which greatly restricts its potential applications. Fabrication of advanced PDMS foam materials with multiple functionalities remains a critical challenge. In this study, unprecedented self-adhesive PDMS foam materials are reported with worm-like rough structure and reactive groups for fabricating multifunctional PDMS foam nanocomposites decorated with MXene/cellulose nanofiber (MXene/CNF) interconnected network by a facile silicone foaming and dip-coating strategy followed by silane surface modification. Interestingly, such self-adhesive PDMS foam produces strong interfacial adhesion with the hybrid MXene/CNF nano-coatings. Consequently, the optimized PDMS foam nanocomposites have excellent surface super-hydrophobicity (water contact angle of ≈159^o), tunable electrical conductivity (from 10⁻⁸ to 10 S m⁻¹), stable compressive cyclic reliability in both wide-temperature range (from −20 to 200 ^oC) and complex environments (acid, sodium, and alkali conditions), outstanding flame resistance (LOI value of >27% and low smoke production rate), good thermal insulating performance and reliable strain sensing in various stress modes and complex environmental conditions. It provides a new route for the rational design and development of advanced PDMS foam nanocomposites with versatile multifunctionalities for various promising applications such as intelligent healthcare monitoring and fire-safe thermal insulation.     

ZrSi_2/硼酚醛泡沫的制备及其裂解产物的增强机制

以ZrSi_2颗粒填充硼酚醛树脂制备了一种耐高温且裂解后结构较为完整的泡沫复合材料。研究了ZrSi_2颗粒质量分数对泡沫复合材料固化机制、高温裂解行为及裂解前后压缩性能的影响,并分析了ZrSi_2颗粒对泡沫复合材料裂解产物的增强机制。结果表明:添加的ZrSi_2颗粒虽未参与硼酚醛树脂的固化交联,但会和硼酚醛树脂裂解放出的气体挥发物发生化学反应,提高了裂解产物的残炭率和压缩比强度。当添加的ZrSi_2颗粒质量为硼酚醛树脂质量的10%时,裂解产物的残炭率和压缩比强度提高最为显著。ZrSi_2/硼酚醛泡沫经过裂解后,ZrSi_2颗粒作为第二相粒子钉扎在裂解产物的孔壁上,化学反应使得部分裂解气体挥发物被吸收并转化为固相产物,明显减少的缺陷提高了裂解产物的力学性能。     

Effect of Powder Processing and Sintering Conditions on the Microstructural,Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Reticulated Zinc Oxide Ceramic Foams

Ceramic foams are made of zinc oxide using different amounts of Sb₂O₃ and Bi₂O₃ as sintering aids. The effect of a ball milling processing of the starting powders and the sintering temperature on the microstructure and the properties of the ZnO foams is investigated. The focus is set on the evolution of the secondary phases formed within the microstructure of ZnO. A determining effect is identified in the amount of an Al₂O₃ impurity which is introduced by abrasion of the milling vessels during ball milling. Alumina is partially dissolved in a spinel α–Zn₇Sb₂O₁₂ secondary phase which is stabilized by a reduction of the unit cell volume. Remaining Al₂O₃ is incorporated into zinc oxide under formation of a defect wurtzite phase. The phase evolution is a complex function of the content of sintering aids, the Al₂O₃ impurity level and the sintering temperature. The shrinkage during sintering and the porosity evolution are correlated to the phase composition within the ZnO material. The thermal conductivity and the compressive strength of the foams are determined, normalized with respect to their porosity, and correlated to the microstructure and phase composition of the ZnO strut material.     

Sound Absorption Performance and Mechanism of Aluminum Foams with Double Main Pore-Porous Cell Wall Structure

To enhance the sound absorption performance of open-cell aluminum foam, the double main pores-porous cell walls (DMP-PCW) aluminum foams via infiltration casting of preforms mixed with two sizes of NaCl particles are prepared. The pore structure, sound absorption performance, and mechanism of DMP-PCW aluminum foam are investigated. The pore structure consists of double-sized main pores similar to the NaCl particles and the cell wall pores formed by the connections between NaCl particles. It is found that the static flow resistivity of DMP-PCW aluminum foam reaches an optimum value of 28105 Pa.s m⁻² when the volume proportion of small main pores increases, the size of cell wall pores decreases, and the number of cell wall pores per unit main pore surface area (NPPA) increases. At 800–6300 Hz, the average absorption coefficient is 0.89. In addition, the Wilson model predicts the sound absorption properties of DMP-PCW aluminum foam. The predicted values agree well with the measured values. The finite-element acoustic simulations and dynamic viscous-thermal permeability calculations reveal that the improved sound absorption performance of DMP-PCW aluminum foam is correlated to the enhanced sound transmission caused by increased NPPA and increased viscous-thermal loss due to the double main pore structure.     

Preparation of Porous Silver Nanowires-Melamine Formaldehyde Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Electromagnetic Shielding and Flame-Retardant Properties

Along with the booming development of communication technology and electronic equipment, higher requirements of flame-retardant and EMI shielding performances for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are put forward. Herein, the ultralight and porous silver nanowires (AgNWs)-melamine formaldehyde (MF) hybrid composite with unique micro-/nanostructure is developed by a facile dip-coating method, which uses the AgNWs as 1D conductive coating and MF foam (MF foam) as 3D skeleton template. Benefiting from the unique porous micro-/nanostructure, the resultant hybrid composite displays low density, excellent EMI shielding performances, and superior flame-retardant property. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) and specific EMI SE (SSEt) of the hybrid composite in X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) can be up to 77 dB and 26971.4 dB cm⁻² g⁻¹, respectively. At the same time, the hybrid composite also passes the vertical burning test and shows an increased LOI value of 40.6%. The combination of flame-retardant and EMI shielding performances for EMI shielding materials makes the AgNWs-MF hybrid composite great application potential in civil and military fields. This work provides a new guide for the design of multifunctional high-performance EMI shielding materials.     

Elasto-plastic analysis of crack in metallic foams

To determine the solutions of the well-known problem of a finite width strip with single edge crack,some results on elasto-plastic fracture analysis for metallic foams are reported.Meanwhile,in order to discuss and put an insight into the nonlinear fracture analysis,the Dugdale model for plastic deformation of this configuration for metallic foams is recommended and solved.Combining the asymptotic solution with the Dugdale model and elastic solution,the stress field in the plastic zone and the size of the plastic zone are expressed as analytical forms.Based on Williams expansion method,the estimate of the scale factor is also completed and analyzed.In view of these analytical solutions,the results show the scale factor is a useful parameter for the fracture theory of metallic foams.     

Elastic–plastic response of structural foams subjected to localized static loads

Structural foams are increasingly used in engineering applications where high strength and low weight are important. They are used also as energy absorbers. Sandwich structures are a typical area for application of structural foams (as core materials). In a sandwich structure, the core transfers the transverse forces as shear stresses and supports the face sheets against buckling and wrinkling. The structural foams are notoriously sensitive to failure by the application of localized surface loads. Thus, the proper design requires an understanding of the mechanical response of the foam materials to localized external loads.In this paper, the elastic–plastic behavior of closed-cell cellular foams subjected to point and line loads is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Two types of Divinicell foam (H60 and H100) are studied. A finite element modeling procedure is developed using the ABAQUS package. Both plane and axisymmetric formulations for local indentations by rigid bodies are considered. The plastic behavior is described using the *CRUSHABLE FOAM HARDENING material model. This model is calibrated using experimental curves from uniaxial compression tests. Geometrical non-linearity is also taken into account. Both indentation and unloading phases are modeled. Static indentation tests of foam panels and beams are performed using spherical and cylindrical indentors, respectively. A comparison of indentation response obtained from the numerical analysis and from the tests is carried out. A good agreement between the modeling and the experimental data is achieved. In perspective view, the present investigation can contribute towards the development of a damage tolerance methodology for rigid foams.