Highly Porous Zirconia Ceramic Foams with Low Thermal Conductivity from Particle‐Stabilized Foams

Zirconia ceramic foams with ultra‐high porosity of 96%–98% have been fabricated using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the particle stabilizer of zirconia particles for the first time. The wet foams stabilized by zirconia particles are ultra‐stable due to partially hydrophobic zirconia particles modified by SDS. Zirconia foams exhibit close cells with thin cell wall and small grain size. Increasing SDS concentration favors the foamability of the suspension, and further increases the porosity of ceramic foams. Zirconia ceramic foams with porosity of 98.1% have compressive strength of 0.26 ± 0.05 MPa. Decreasing solid loading leads to the porosity of ceramic foams. The compressive strength could be improved significantly by increasing the sintering temperature. Zirconia ceramic foams with porosity of 97.9% has low thermal conductivity of 0.027 ± 0.004 W·(m·K)^?1, which could be used as thermal insulation and refractory material.     

Effect of zinc oxide on properties of phenolic foams/halogen‐free flame retardant system

A halogen‐free flame retardant system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an acid source, blowing agent, pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonific agent and zinc oxide (ZnO) as a synergistic agent, was used in this work to enhance flame retardancy of phenolic foams. ZnO was incorporated into flame retardant formulation at different concentrations to investigate the flammability of flame retardant composite phenolic foams (FRCPFs). The synergistic effects of ZnO on FRCPFs were evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter tests, and images of residues. Results showed that the flame retardant significantly increased the LOI of FRCPFs. Compared with PF, heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), production or yield of carbon monoxide (COP or COY) and Oxygen consumption (O₂C) of FRCPFs all remarkably decreased. However specific extinction area (SEA) and total smoke release (TSR) significantly increased, which agreed with the gas‐phase flame retardancy mechanism of the flame retardant system. The results indicated that FRCPFs have excellent fire‐retardant performance and less smoke release. And the bending and compression strength were decreased gradually with the increase of ZnO. The comprehensive properties of FRCPFs were better when the amount of ZnO was 1～1.5%. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42730.     

Preparation of ultra-light ceramic foams from waste glass and fly ash

Ultra-light ceramic foams were successfully prepared by a green spheres technique, which used waste glass powder and fly ash as the main material. Besides, borax and SiC were introduced as fluxing agent and foaming agent, respectively. The effects of fly ash content, borax content and sintering temperature on the microstructures and properties of ceramic foams were systematically investigated. The optimum composition is 30?wt-% fly ash, 70?wt-% waste glass, 15?wt-% borax and 0.5?wt-% SiC. Ultra-light ceramic foams sintered at 680–780°C possess bulk density of 0.14–0.41?g?cm^?3, porosity of 82.9–94.1%, compressive strength of 0.91–6.37?MPa and thermal conductivity of 0.070–0.121?W?m^?1?K^?1, respectively. This method is convenient, low-cost and environment friendly, which makes it a promising way for recycling solid wastes.     

磷酸乙基新戊二醇酯的合成以及阻燃性能测试

以新戊二醇、三氯氧磷、乙醇为原料合成一种阻燃剂磷酸乙基新戊二醇酯（化合物Ⅱ），采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振波谱(1HNMR、13CNMR及31PNMR)、液相色谱-质谱(ESI-MS)表征其化学结构。考察了物质的量比〔n(新戊二醇磷酰氯):n(乙醇)〕、反应温度和反应时间等因素对反应的影响，得到最佳反应条件为：n(新戊二醇磷酰氯) : n(乙醇)= 1.0 : 5.0，反应温度为50℃，反应时间为8 h，产率达80.8%。将合成的阻燃剂磷酸乙基新戊二醇酯添加到硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)中，通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)实验测定RPUF的阻燃性能，以及利用热重分析(TGA)表征阻燃剂和RPUF的热稳定性。结果表明，磷酸乙基新戊二醇酯的添加，在一定程度上降低了RPUF的热稳定性，但是RPUF的阻燃性能有所提高。添加量为30%(质量分数，以材料总质量计)时可使RPUF的LOI值从17.1提高到22.5%，通过垂直燃烧V-2级，以及在800℃时，残余残炭量由15.8%增加到18.9%。     

采用折叠扁管与挤压扁管的微通道换热器长效特性

对采用折叠扁管与传统挤压扁管的微通道换热器长效特性进行了对比研究。分别进行了标准盐雾腐蚀实验,对比腐蚀前后两个换热器样品的换热量、空气侧压降和总热阻变化情况,结果表明,折叠扁管的样品在腐蚀后的各项性能均优于挤压管的样品。传统挤压扁管样件的翅片与扁管连接处率先被腐蚀破坏,14 d腐蚀后就可观察明显的翅片脱落现象,且在28 d腐蚀后挤压扁管上出现泄漏;折叠扁管样件则是翅片率先被腐蚀,而翅片与扁管的连接处没有明显损坏,在49 d腐蚀后折叠扁管没有出现泄漏现象。这是由于折叠扁管能方便地配备保护层,实现牺牲翅片保护扁管的方法,在腐蚀过程中能有效地保护更为重要的扁管。折叠扁管的长效特性优于传统挤压扁管。     

Synergistic effect of aluminum hydroxide and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy of polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams

For the first time, expandable graphite (EG) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) was combined to improve the flame retardancy of polyisocyanurate–polyurethane (PIR–PUR) foam. The limited oxygen index increased from 26.5 for the PIR–PUR matrix to an incredible value of 92.8 when 24 phr (parts per 100 of matrix) EG and 60 phr ATH were incorporated into the matrix. Based on morphology observation and thermogravimetric analysis, it was speculated that two factors contributed to the improvement of flame retardancy primarily. First, ATH could effectively induce “villi” like particles, which was useful to form a dense char. The compact char layer could effectively impede the transport of bubbles and heat. Second, ATH and EG accelerated the initial degradation and fluffy char was quickly generated on the surface of the composites. Thus, the degradation of the composite was slowed down and the diffusion of volatile combustible fragments to flame zone was delayed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39936.     

Microcellular foam of polymer blends of HDPE/PP and their composites with wood fiber

In this study, the effects of batch processing conditions (foaming time and temperature) and blend composition as well as the effect of incorporating wood fiber into the blends on the crystallinity, sorption behavior of CO₂, void fraction, and cellular morphology of microcellular foamed high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/polypropylene (PP) blends and their composites with wood fiber were studied. Blending decreased the crystallinity of HDPE and PP and facilitated microcellular foam production in blend materials. The void fraction was strongly dependent on the processing conditions and on blend composition. Foamed samples with a high void fraction were not always microcellular. The addition of wood fiber inhibited microcellular foaming. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2842–2850, 2003     

Intumescent foams—A novel flame retardant system for flexible polyurethane foams

A combination of intumescent components was evaluated as a novel flame retardant system in a flexible polyurethane foam, and the incorporation of these components gave rise to a significant enhancement of the flame retardant properties of the foam. The heat release rate was lowered at an early stage as well as throughout the fire, the total heat production was decreased and the time to ignition was prolonged. Mechanical measurements of the foam revealed enhanced properties in terms of stiffness accompanied by a large decrease in elongation at break as compared with a reference foam. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

阻燃聚氨酯硬泡的研究现状及发展趋势

聚氨酯硬泡被公认为是目前世界上最好的保温材料,但未经阻燃处理的聚氨酯硬泡常常引发火灾。介绍了聚氨酯硬泡的成分、燃烧机理及阻燃原理,阐述了阻燃技术的研究现状及最新进展,展望了阻燃硬泡的发展趋势。     

SiC颗粒和芯部材料厚度对泡沫SiCp/ZL104层合板弯曲性能的影响

用泡沫SiCp/ZL104复合材料作为芯部材料制备了泡沫SiCp/ZL104层合板,测试和分析了该类层合板的三点弯曲性能。结果发现,在相对密度相同的情况下,泡沫5%SiCp/ZL104(体积分数,下同)层合板的弯曲刚度随SiC粒度的减小以及芯部材料厚度的增加而增大;由于环氧树脂的填充,使得层合板刚度P/δ的实验值比计算值略高;SiC颗粒体积分数的增加致使泡沫SiCp/ZL104层合板的抗弯曲刚度增大;弯曲过程中的主要破坏模式是芯部剪切和局部凹陷,但随着芯部材料厚度的增加,层合板的破坏方式由芯部剪切向表面屈服和芯部凹陷过渡。