Preparation of elevated-temperature intermetallic powders via a novel reaction ball milling technique

The synthesis of elevated-temperature intermetallic powders was carried out using a novel solid–liquid reaction milling technique. As opposed to the conventional mechanical milling, the direct formation of nanometer-sized elevated-temperature intermetallic powders such as Fe_1.3Sn and Fe₃Sn₂, at relatively low temperatures and an enhanced solid solubility extension of iron in lead were realized.     

碟形飞行器复合控制的非线性分配策略研究

针对碟形飞行器变质量矩／推力矢量复合控制系统，研究了以输出误差为参考量的非线性控制分配策略。仿真表明，这一设计实现了两种控制方式的优势互补．又避免了强制切换控制方式所引起的控制扰动，达到了良好的控制性能。     

矿物及化合物微波化学理论与应用研究进展述评

综述了矿物及化合物（有色金属矿物及原煤）的微波加热特性、微波化学机理及微波加热应用研究进展，评述了各类有色金属矿物微波化学理论研究的程度及应用前景。     

Ruminal metabolism of leafy spurge in sheep and goats: A potential explanation for differential foraging on spurge by sheep,goats, and cattle

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is an introduced forb that is invading western rangelands. Goats (Capra hircus) readily graze the plant, but cattle (Bos tarus) generally and sheep (Ovis aries) locally appear to develop conditioned flavor aversions to leafy spurge. They either avoid the plant entirely or graze it reluctantly. We hypothesized that: (1) a diterpene diester that can occur in leafy spurge was an aversive agent, and (2) diet selection differences among ruminant species may be partly a function of differential ruminai metabolism of aversive phytochemicals, and further that cattle and sheep may be reluctant to graze leafy spurge because their ruminai microbes do not metabolize certain leafy spurge chemicals as do ruminai microbes in goats. Sheep did not develop an aversion to a novel food when its consumption was followed by an intravenous injection of ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate (P=0.34). Sheep did develop an aversion to a novel food when its intake was followed by a dose of leafy spurge fermented with sheep ruminai digesta, but not when followed by a dose of leafy spurge fermented with goat ruminai digesta (P= 0.03). This suggests that goat ruminai microbes may modify leafy spurge such that it does not elicit an aversion in sheep.This research was supported in part by a grant from the Cooperative States Research Service (91-38300-6158). All experimental procedures with ruminants followed a protocol approved by the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station's Animal Care and Use Committee. Mention of trade names or companies does not constitute an implied warranty by USDA or the authors.     

基于复合控制的新型5电平逆变器的研究

本文分析了一种新型单相不对称5电平逆变器拓扑结构和调制方法,提出了一种负载电流和输出电压前馈的复合控制。此控制器能很好的抑制非线性负载情况下的电压畸变率,同时不要求提供精确的参数,并且设计方法简单方便。最后通过仿真和实验验证了复合控制的可行性。     

ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: defining dairy flavors

Production and consumption of dairy foods continue to increase annually. Further, new ingredient applications for dairy foods continue to expand. With continued production and consumption, there is also increased competition. Increased competition exists regionally, nationally, and globally. Processors as well as product developers must find ways to maximize existing markets and expand into new markets. A consistent high quality product is necessary to maintain competitiveness. Although microbial safety and stability are key ways to define quality, flavor is one method of defining quality that is often assumed or overlooked. The aggressive and competitive nature of today's market demands more precise and powerful tools for defining flavor and flavor quality. Traditional as well as more recent methods for evaluating dairy flavor are reviewed. The application of defining sensory flavors to fundamental research on flavor chemistry, product understanding, and effective marketing is addressed.     

Comparison of volatile compounds produced in model cheese medium deacidified by Debaryomyces hansenii or Kluyveromyces marxianus

The aroma of a deacidified cheese medium is the result of the overall perception of a large number of molecules belonging to different classes. The volatile compound composition of (60%) cheese medium (pH 5.8) deacidified by Debaryomyces hansenii (DCM(Dh)) was compared with the one deacidified by Kluyveromyces marxianus (DCM(Km)). It was determined by dynamic headspace extraction, followed by gas chromatography separation and quantification as well as by mass spectrometry identification. Whatever the media tested, a first class of volatile compounds can be represented by the ones not produced by any of the yeasts, but some of them are affected by K. marxianus or by D. hansenii. A second class of volatile compounds can be represented by the ones produced by K. marxianus, which were essentially esters. Their concentrations were generally higher than their thresholds, explaining the DCM(Km) global fruity odor. A third class can be represented by the ones generated by D. hansenii, which were essentially methyl ketones with fruity, floral (rose), moldy, cheesy, or wine odor plus 2-phenylethanol with a faded-rose odor. The impact of methyl ketones on the DCMDh global flavor was lower than the impact of 2-phenylethanol and even negligible. Therefore, the global faded-rose odor of D. hansenii DCM can be explained by a high concentration of 2-phenylethanol.     

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷油气性质及成因机制研究

大民屯凹陷油品性质复杂,既有含蜡量小于20%的正常油,又富含蜡量>20%的特高蜡油。经过原油物性、甾萜等分析,认为高蜡油油源岩沉积环境为较正常油贫粘土、盐度相对较高、相对闭塞的弱还原环境,其母质应由陆源高等植物和低等水生生物共同构成,且经微生物改造较强烈。正常油油源以高等植物为主体,处于相对氧化且富粘土的沉积环境。通过精细油源对比认为:大民屯凹陷高蜡油主要来源于沙四下部的"油页岩",而正常油母质主要为沙四上部和沙三四的厚层泥岩。综合分析认为高蜡油成因主要受控于沉积母质和沉积环境的双重控制,且因整个大民屯凹陷较低的热演化程度而使高蜡油得以保存。      

A MEANS TO REDUCE FORMATION OF PRECURSORS OF 2-TRANS-NONENAL IN BREWING*

A method is described whereby the precursors of 2-trans-nonenal may be estimated in worts and beers. Treatment of malt grist or malt with a variety of polar substances is shown to reduce or eliminate the production of nonenal precursors during mashing. Beers made from worts so treated have enhanced flavour stability over those made conventionally.     

Thermodynamic analysis of R 21-DMF vapour absorption refrigeration systems for solar energy applicationsAnalyse thermodynamique des systèmes frigorifiques à absorption de R 21-DMF (diméthylformamide) pour les applications à l'énergie solaire

The concentration-enthalpy chart for R 21-DMF refrigerant-absorbent combination is presented for the temperature range of interest for solar-driven cooling applications. A thermodynamic analysis of the vapour absorption refrigeration system (VARS) working with R 21-DMF is made to study the theoretical performance characteristics. At evaporator temperatures lower than about 0°C, R 21-DMF has a distinct advantage over R 22-DMF systems in being able to operate at lower generator temperatures. Also R 21-DMF systems perform better than R 22-DMETEG systems.