Comparative Optimism About Health and Nonhealth Events in 8- and 9-Year-Old Children.

Comparative optimism has been studied extensively in adults and is a significant component of social- cognitive models about health. In contrast, little is known about comparative optimism in children or about the wider social- cognitive processes that underpin their health-related behavior. This study investigated comparative optimism for health- and nonhealth-related topics in 101 children 8 or 9 years of age, the youngest ages that have been investigated so far. Children were shown to be unrealistically optimistic for health and nonhealth events. The implications of these findings for understanding comparative optimism in children are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethnic Group Identification and Group Evaluation Among Minority and Majority Groups: Testing the Multiculturalism Hypothesis.

Following social identity theory, the author hypothesized that members of minority groups are more likely than majority group members to endorse multiculturalism more strongly and assimilationist thinking less strongly. In addition, the multiculturalism hypothesis proposes that the more minority groups endorse the ideology of multiculturalism (or assimilationism), the more (or less) likely they will be to identify with their ethnic in-group and to show positive in-group evaluation. In contrast, the more majority group members endorse multiculturalism (or assimilationism), the less (or more) likely they are to identify with their ethnic group and to show negative out-group evaluation. Results from 4 studies (correlational and experimental) provide support for this hypothesis among Dutch and Turkish participants living in the Netherlands. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the cultural guises of cognitive dissonance: The case of Easterners and Westerners.

Cognitive dissonance and effects of self-affirmation on dissonance arousal were examined cross-culturally. In Studies 1 and 2, European Canadians justified their choices more when they made them for themselves, whereas Asian Canadians (Study 1) or Japanese (Study 2) justified their choices more when they made them for a friend. In Study 3, an interdependent self-affirmation reduced dissonance for Asian Canadians but not for European Canadians. In Study 4, when Asian Canadians made choices for a friend, an independent self-affirmation reduced dissonance for bicultural Asian Canadians but not for monocultural Asian Canadians. These studies demonstrate that both Easterners and Westerners can experience dissonance, but culture shapes the situations in which dissonance is aroused and reduced. Implications of these cultural differences for theories of cognitive dissonance and self-affirmation are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Executive Self, Self-Esteem, and Negative Affectivity: Relations at the Phenotypic and Genotypic Level.

Complementary approaches examined the relations among executive self, self-esteem, and negative affectivity. A cross-sectional (N = 4,242) and a longitudinal (N = 158) study established that self-esteem mediated the relation between executive self and negative affectivity. A 3rd study (N = 878 twin pairs) replicated this pattern and examined genetic and environmental influences underlying all 3 phenotypes. Covariation among the 3 phenotypes reflected largely common genetic influences, although unique genetic effects explained variability in both executive self and negative affectivity. Executive self was influenced by shared environmental influences unique from those affecting self-esteem and negative affectivity. Nonshared environmental influences accounted for the majority of variance in each construct and were primarily unique to each. The unique genetic and nonshared environmental influences support the proposition that the executive self, self-esteem, and negative affectivity capture distinct and important differences between people. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Therapeutic Process As a Predictor of Change in Patients' Important Relationships During Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy.

Components of the therapeutic process have been shown to be moderately strong predictors of change in patients' global interpersonal functioning during therapy. The authors sought to extend this research by examining how the therapeutic process in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy related to change in patients' perceptions of a specific relationship as rated by the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. Results showed that ratings of therapist warmth at Session 3 predicted increased warmth and decreased hostility in patient behavior at posttreatment. Therapist warmth at Session 16 was predictive of a decrease in submissive behavior by patients toward their significant other. The importance of the association between the therapeutic process and patients' important interpersonal relationships is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Psychological Price of Media Bias.

Media bias was investigated through the effects of a TV interviewer's preferential behavior on the image of the interviewee in the eyes of the viewers. Judges viewed a political interview with either a friendly or a hostile interviewer then rated their impressions of the interviewed politician, whose behavior was identical in all conditions. The preferential nonverbal behavior of the interviewer (controlling for recognition and comprehension of verbal content) systematically influenced viewers' ratings of the politician. The effect consisted mainly of damage to the politician in the hostile interviewer condition. Describing the interviewee as a professor yielded a similar preferential behavior effect. A strong halo effect was identified, but it was ruled out as the mechanism accounting for the interviewer effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

新锆合金碘致应力腐蚀断口研究

利用扫描电镜和EDXA对新锆合金碘致应力腐蚀的断口进行了形貌观察和成分分析。在断口表面发现腐蚀产物、二次裂纹、沿晶开裂和穿晶准解理开裂等应力腐蚀断裂特征,并观察到锆合金碘致应力腐蚀的“沟槽”特征。起裂区为沿晶开裂,在裂纹扩展阶段,开裂以穿晶为主。断口上腐蚀产物的成分主要是氧和锆,局部准解理开裂区域可检测到碘。去应力退火试样上发现了平行轧面的深沟,且沿晶开裂不明显。试验温度升高,断口上的腐蚀产物增多,而且沿晶开裂更容易。碘分压不仅影响腐蚀产物层的厚度,而且碘分压较高时沿晶开裂容易发生。     

~(153)Sm-纳米羟基磷灰石的合成及生物行为初探

合成了纳米羟基磷灰石,制备的153Sm-EDTMP-nanoHA和153Sm-citrate-nanoHA体外稳定性良好。153Sm-EDTMP-nanoHA新西兰兔显像对比度较好,骨骼系统显示清晰,肝脾显影清晰,肾脏显影,血清除快;153Sm-citrate-nanoHA新西兰兔显像,肝脾显影清晰,血清除快,肾脏几乎不显影,说明主要通过肝胆排泄。153Sm-EDTMP-nanoHA对肝癌SMMC-7721和乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的半抑制率浓度分别是1.98g/L和0.075g/L,153Sm-citrate-nanoHA则分别是1.89g/L和0.094g/L。153Sm-EDTMP-nanoHA和153Sm-citrate-na-noHA较同等浓度下的单一nanoHA的半抑制率浓度低得多,具有很高的深入研究价值。     

4130X钢韧脆转变温度的测定

采用V型缺口试样，通过系列温度的冲击试验．以冲击吸收功、纤维断面率的变化对4130X钢的韧脆转变温度进行了测定。试验结果表明，4130X钢韧脆转变温度为-40℃。     

湘钢1号高炉碱金属行为

对湘钢1号高炉碱金属行为进行实际调查和理论分析,发现高炉中的碱金属主要是由铁矿石和焦炭带入的,碱金属的排出主要是通过炉渣.碱金属在高炉内的循环富集,给高炉带来一系列不利影响.结合湘钢高炉的实际生产情况,提出防治高炉碱害的措施.