新型超稠油取样器的二维数值模拟

目前常规超稠油取样器通常是短管与管线相接进行局部取样,样品含水率误差大;并且由于取样器暴露在室外冬季易冻堵。为完善取样技术,设计了一款新型球形阀旋转取样器,通过球形阀的旋转将管道中一段区域内的流体完整取出,有效减小取样误差,并且取样过程不影响管道正常运行,还可充分利用管道中流体的温度,避免发生冻堵现象。通过数值模拟分析含水率、流体速度、油品粘度及球形阀旋转速度对样品含水率误差的影响。通过计算分析可得适用于该取样器的最佳工况条件,对该新型超稠油取样器在实际生产中的应用及推广有一定的指导作用。     

冻结器内测温判定冻结壁厚度的研究

根据在冻结法凿井工程中冻结器纵向测温的经验摸索,建立了停冻后的单孔冻土柱升温的数学计算模型,借助现代数学工具Maple6软件,将公式数字化和图形化,从而揭示了在瞬时升温过程中单孔冻土柱温度分布与时间、冻土柱半径之间的关系,为冻结器内测温、监控冻结井筒温度场提供一种理论依据,并给出了一个应用实例．     

人工冻结法在地铁隧道施工中的应用与发展

冻结法是地下工程施工中常用的辅助工法。通过对冻结法的基本原理和工艺的介绍,分析了冻土温度场的发展,以及温度场与冻结壁发展的关系。阐述了人工冻结法在地铁隧道施工中的应用现状与发展趋势。     

冻土爆破漏斗及冻土爆破性的模型试验研究

根据相似理论和利斯顿爆破漏斗理论进行了冻结粘土，砂土在－７，－１２，－１７℃３个温度水平下的爆破漏斗模型试验，对爆破漏斗几何参数及块度进行了回归分析，冻结砂土的爆破漏斗参数回归效果比粘土高度显，冻结粘土的爆破碎块较好的服从Ｒ－Ｒ分布，冻结砂土较地服从Ｇ－Ｇ－Ｓ分布，按照形变能系数大小对子冻土的爆破性，得出的结论对冻土爆破参数的设计有一定的参考作用。     

冰冻海水环境下混凝土表面涂层长期暴露试验研究

本文通过对暴露长达10年的表面涂层混凝土试件和青岛市胶州湾大桥实体结构进行涂层粘结强度、氯离子浓度等测试,对涂层应用在混凝土结构上的长期防护效果进行了研究。结果表明:在冰冻海水环境暴露10年后,大气区、浪溅区和水变区混凝土表面涂层的粘结强度均超过1.5 MPa,符合现行规范要求;在浪溅区和大气区环境下,涂层对海工混凝土的长期防护效果较好,但在水变区环境下涂层的防护效果相对较差;有涂层混凝土试件的表观氯离子扩散系数与无涂层混凝土在水变区环境下已无明显差别;大桥实体结构中有涂层混凝土的表面氯离子浓度较无涂层混凝土降低了2.3~3.9倍,且涂层对于实体结构的抗氯离子长期侵蚀效果稍弱于小尺寸混凝土试件。     

High-Resolution NMR and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Studies on Fresh and Frozen Cod ( Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)

Changes in the fish muscle from cod ( Gadus morhua ) and haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) were investigated by high-resolution NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water- and salt-soluble extracts from fish stored at −20°C and −30°C were analysed by high-resolution proton NMR and enabled the identification of metabolites including trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine. It was not possible to detect formaldehyde by NMR either in the stored fish samples or in spiked water or salt extracts even at high levels of formaldehyde addition, probably due to polymerisation. Systematic and controlled storage trials indicated the presence of dimethylamine at around 9 months for samples stored at −20°C, whereas no changes were detected at the control storage temperature of −30°C. A comparison of cod and haddock fillets stored for 1 year at −20 and −30°C confirmed the production of dimethylamine only in cod stored at −20°C. It was interesting to note that ‘fresh’ cod and haddock samples purchased from a local supermarket showed high levels of TMA indicating a breakdown of trimethylamine oxide to TMA by bacteria. TMA was not detected in the fish fillets especially obtained for the storage trials. MRI of fresh cod and fish stored at −8 and −30°C indicated that the fish half stored at −8°C exhibited dense lines or arches which are indicative of gaps in the tissue due to possible breakdown of the connective tissue. The images of fish stored at −30°C did not indicate any differences compared with the fresh fish. MRI also showed the presence of frozen and unfrozen areas in the fish non-destructively.     

并行FDTD方法在振子阵列天线瞬态散射特性计算中的应用

构建了Beowulf并行计算集群系统,并对其进行了效率分析。进行了时域有限差分方法( FDTD)的并行程序设计。利用该程序计算仿真了几个大型的带反射面的阵子阵列天线的远场时域散射特性,并给出了反射面的电流密度分布以及后向散射场时域波形和能量方向图,分析了后向散射场的峰值和能量随阵列尺度的变化关系,发现散射能量的改变较散射场峰值的改变更加明显。     

一种基于磁偶极子磁场分布理论的磁场干扰补偿方法

载体磁场对地磁场的干扰,一直是影响导航罗差、地磁测量的技术难题。为了提高适于地磁匹配定位需要的地磁测量精度,对如何消除载体固有磁场和感应磁场对地磁测量精度的影响进行了研究。应用磁偶极子磁场分布理论,推导了安装在载体上传感器所在位置的磁场组成,建立了利用理想传感器测量值计算地磁场的地磁测量模型;在分析磁场传感器测量误差的基础上,建立了综合考虑载体磁场干扰和传感器误差影响的地磁测量模型。该模型所含参数物理意义明确,可在任意姿态下实现对载体磁场和磁传感器误差进行综合补偿。实验证明,所建立的地磁测量模型具有较高的测量精度。     

季节性冻土区能量桩位移变化规律

能量桩是一种既可以与土体进行能量交换,又可以承担上部荷载的桩基形式。上部土层冻结,下部土层未冻结,由温度变化引起的桩体自身变形及土体的冻胀融沉引发的桩体位移是能量桩在季节性冻土地区推广中亟待解决的主要问题。针对季节性冻土地区土体温度分布特点,将土体分为冻结层和非冻结层分别开展模型试验,测得冻结层和非冻结层中能量桩多次温度循环后的桩—土温度分布、桩周土体孔隙水压力及桩体位移的变化规律。结果表明：在非冻结土层中,多次循环取热后桩顶会产生不可逆的沉降位移,5次取热循环后,桩顶沉降达到0.95%D(D为桩体直径),且桩体沉降未达到稳定;在冻结层,放热过程中能量桩会发生桩体融沉现象,恢复过程中会发生桩体冻胀现象,融沉导致的沉降位移随着循环次数的增加逐渐减小,在第3轮放热循环后消失。第1、2、3轮的融沉位移分别为5.9%D、0.93%D、0.11%D。每轮循环过程中,冻胀引起的上升位移虽逐轮减小,但在5轮循环之后依旧存在,且冻胀引发的总位移呈阶梯状上升,桩体最终产生上升位移,达到3.8%D。     

Interfacial energy for solutions of nanoparticles,surfactants, and electrolytes

The addition of surfactants to modify the surface property of nanoparticles (NPs) from hydrophilic to hydrophobic also enhances their interfacial properties. Several approaches were previously proposed to calculate the surface tension/interfacial tension (IFT) for different systems in the presence of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes. However, most of these approaches are indirect and require several measured parameters. Therefore, a mathematical model is developed here to calculate the surface tension/IFT for these systems. The developed model takes into account the cohesive energy due to the interaction of the surfactant CH₂ groups, the electric double layer effect due to the interaction among the ions of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes, and the dipole–dipole interaction of NPs and electrolytes. The developed model is compared and validated with the laboratory experimental data in literature. The results reveal further understanding of the mechanisms involved in stabilization of oil/water emulsion in the presence of NPs, surfactants, and electrolytes.