Suitable test structures for submicron ion beam analysis

For the precise determination of the sizes of submicron beam spots test structures with an excellent edge definition are required. For this purpose a semiconductor heterostructure consisting of an 1.62 μm GaInP epi-layer grown on (0 0 1) GaAs has been made, which provides atomically sharp edges for beam spot size measurements. Since the sample has been thinned down by standard transmission electron microscope (TEM) preparation techniques, it can be used for both PIXE and STIM. The sample has been investigated with a TEM and the ion nanoprobe LIPSION. A one-dimensional beam profile in the low current mode was determined by a STIM measurement using 2 MeV protons and yielded a FWHM of (41±4) nm, which is the smallest value reported so far for high energy nuclear micro- and nanoprobes. Furthermore we present nickel nanowhiskers produced at the GSI Darmstadt by electrochemical preparation of etched ion track membranes that have been used to obtain two-dimensional images of the shapes of submicron beam spots. For these measurements a scan over a single nickel nanowhisker having a diameter of 220 nm and a height of about 6 μm was performed.     

Quantity,controls and functions of large woody debris in Midwestern USA streams

Large woody debris (LWD) can increase stream habitat heterogeneity by providing structure, altering flow patterns, enhancing sediment deposition, forming pools and retaining organic matter. In North America, the role of LWD has been studied extensively in streams of mature forests (e.g. Pacific Northwest), but few studies have assessed LWD in streams of younger forests (e.g. Midwestern USA). Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the volume and abundance of LWD in a set of Midwestern streams; (2) evaluate possible factors influencing LWD quantity; (3) identify the functional roles of LWD; and (4) compare LWD levels in the upper Midwest to those elsewhere in North America. In 2002 and 2003, we measured LWD and geomorphological variables in 15 low‐gradient streams draining previously logged watersheds in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Mean (±SE) LWD volume (0.77 ± 0.12 m³ 100 m⁻²) and abundance (33 ± 3 pieces 100 m⁻¹) were 71% and 10% lesser, respectively, than in streams of similar gradient elsewhere in North America. Channel shape (width:depth ratio) explained 30% of the variation in LWD volume (multiple stepwise regression, P = 0.015) while LWD length and length:channel width combined, explained 72% of the variation in LWD density (multiple stepwise regression, P < 0.0001). About 50% of the LWD either stored sediment or stabilized banks and 14% of the LWD formed pools, although pool density was not significantly related to LWD volume or density. LWD levels, overall, were low in upper Midwestern streams, but the relative importance of that LWD to ecosystem function may be magnified in these wood‐poor systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

异形柱框架结构设计方法分析与参数控制

近年来,异形柱框架结构(框轻结构体系),因其能较好地满足建筑使用上和结构性能上的要求,而逐步得到了推广应用,并被列为建设部首批住宅建设新技术推荐目录。但异形柱框架结构设计目前还没有可依据使用的国家标准和行业标准。本文根据对江苏省地方标准《钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构技术规程》(DB32/512-2002)的理解,结合笔者设计实践经验,提出个人看法,供同行参考。     

工程结构优化设计发展综述

 着重评述了工程结构优化设计研究领域从最初的尺寸优化发展到形状优化、拓扑优化的基本历程及其相关特点，并对优化设计选用的优化算法进行了归类，提出了这一领域今后仍然有待于发展的主要方面．     

On the improvement of detection characteristics of trans-stilbene crystals by improving crystal perfection

Organic molecular scintillating crystals are noted for their good timing and particle discrimination process. Trans-stilbene is one such candidate noted for its good particle detection characteristics for the past five decades. Progressive strengthening of detection characteristics of trans-stilbene has been attempted by improving crystal perfection. A series of timing resolution studies have been carried out for the Bridgman grown trans-stilbene crystals under different experimental conditions. The results were compared with the previously reported values. Pulse shape discrimination process has been carried out for ²⁴¹Am and ²⁵²Cf sources and good discrimination has been obtained for gamma-alpha and gamma-neutron sources from the grown organic phosphor crystal. Electronic Publication     

精密陶瓷部件近净成型技术的发展

重点介绍了近十年发展起来的陶瓷部件的近净成型技术 ,主要包括直接凝固注模成型、凝胶注模成型、陶瓷注射成型、陶瓷无模成型和微注入成型。对这些新的成型方法的原理、工艺过程及应用特点进行了较全面的分析与比较。     

Combined shape and sizing optimization of truss structures

 In this paper, an evolutionary optimization method is presented for weight minimum problem of a 3-dimensional truss structure in terms of nodal coordinates and element cross-sectional areas. The structure is subject to stress, local buckling and displacement constraints. Two types of design variables with different natures are optimized separately: (1) a fully stressed design (FSD) and scaling techniques are applied to sizing variables and (2) the evolutionary node shift method is applied to shape variables. Alternating procedure is utilized to couple the two types of variables and to combine the results. The optimum solution is achieved gradually from the initial configuration design. Two typical truss structures are examined to illustrate the validity of the method. Received: 22 October 2001 / Accepted: 04 June 2002 This research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the guarantees no. 10072050 and 10172072, respectively.     

超强吸水树脂的吸水性能研究

对自制的超强吸水树脂的吸收性能进行了研究，分别考察了吸水树脂的粒径，溶液的pH值，几种离子如Na^ ,K^ ,Ca^2 ,Mg^2 等的水溶液对吸水树脂吸收性能的影响。实验结果表明，在pH为6－8，树脂粒径为100mesh-120mesh时，树脂的吸水性能最好，各种离子对吸水树脂吸收性能的影响大小顺序为：Na^ ＜K^ ＜Mg^2 ＜Ca^2 。     

Spray forming technology for military applications

Over the past five years, the Annapolis Detachment, Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (formerly David Taylor Research Center) has established a state- of- the- art spray forming facility for the study and exploitation of this near net shape manufacturing process. Spray forming is a single step gas atomization/deposition process which yields ferrous and nonferrous, near final shape, near fully dense preforms that has proven to be a viable and cost effective alternative to conventional metalworking technology for the production of material preforms with properties surpassing those of their cast and wrought counterparts. Current programs at Carderock Divison Naval Surface Warfare Center are aimed at optimization of the process, certification of the spray formed products and industrialization of the technology.     

SOLUBILISATION OF NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF BREWERS' SPENT GRAIN

The extraction of nitrogenous material from Brewers' spent grain (BSG) by solvents (water, sodium chloride solution, aqueous alcohol, acidic and alkaline solutions) commonly used to extract cereal proteins, resulted in the relatively low (0·2 to 8·5%) recovery of the total nitrogen. The recovery of nitrogenous material by the use of aqueous alkaline solutions was increased from 3–4% to 41% when the BSG was subjected to cellulase incubation prior to extraction. Approximately 75% of the nitrogen was solubilized with trifluoracetic acid. Detergent solutions (acid, neutral) solubilized more than 80% of the total nitrogen of the BSG. The low solubility of the nitrogenous constituents by conventional protein solvents could be the result of association between cellulosic material and protein.