Crystallographic Analysis of Tapering of ADP Crystallites

On the basis of crystallographic characteristics of ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) crystals and the selected growth conditions, the growth habit of ADP crystals was studied. In comparison with pyramidal planes, the growth rate of prismatic faces is slower and more sensitive to the additives and impurities for ADP crystals. When the supersaturation is low, the advance of growth steps on prismatic face can be blocked by ethanol or impurities, the crystal morphology is changed from the tetragonal prism to shuttle (i.e., the tapered shape). The tapering formation of ADP crystallites was structurally studied in a novel view.     

Polymorphic and microstructural behaviors of palm oil/lecithin blends crystallized under shear

There has been much work on polymorphism and crystal habit of quiescently crystallized palm oil. However, researchers have found it difficult to probe the process of sheared crystallization. The effect of surface-active molecules as nucleation agents or habit modifiers was demonstrated in quiescent systems. The aim of this work is to explore the effects of shear and specific lecithins (soy and sunflower) on palm oil crystallization by monitoring crystallization under shear using a synchrotron radiation source, as well as microscopy and DSC. It was found that increasing shear led to increasing β′ stabilization in all situations. Soybean lecithin had little effect on behavior. Sunflower lecithin led to even greater β′ stabilization. The different lecithins interact with the crystallizing fat changing rates of nucleation and crystal growth. Thus, the structure of the overall system can be dramatically altered. Microscopy revealed very different structures even if the polymorphism of the different systems was similar. Consequently, specific interactions can be manipulated in order to control the system. In particular, control of lecithin composition affects the stability of the different polymorphs. Palm oil crystallization under realistic processing conditions has been characterized. Under these conditions, increasing shear rates give higher β′ stability. Specific lecithins have different effects. In particular, soybean lecithin is β′ stabilizing, whereas sunflower lecithin has limited effects. Thus the overall structure of lecithin is important in determining the efficacy. This can be applied to control the structure and properties of different systems such as shortenings or spreads where crystalline interactions create the macro-structure that determines product properties.     

Influence of metronidazole particle properties on granules prepared in a high-shear mixer-granulator

Metronidazole is a good example of high-dose drug substance with poor granulating and tableting properties. Tablets are generally produced by liquid granulation; however, the technological process failure is quite frequent. In order to verify how the metronidazole particle characteristics can influence granule properties, three metronidazole batches differing for crystal habit, mean particle size, BET surface area and wettability were selected, primarily designed according to their different elongation ratio: needle-shaped, stick-shaped, and isodimensional. In the presence of lactose monohydrate and pregelatinized maize starch, respectively as diluent and binder, they were included in a formula for wet granulation in a high-shear mixer-granulator. In order to render the process comparable as far as possible, all parameters and experimental conditions were maintained constant. Four granule batches were obtained: granules from placebo (G-placebo), granules from needle-shaped crystals (G-needle-shaped), granules from stick-shaped crystals (G-stick-shaped), and granules from isodimensional crystals (G-isodimensional). Different granule properties were considered, in particular concerning porosity, friability, loss on drying (LOD), and flowability. In order to study their tabletability and compressibility, the different granules obtained were then compressed in a rotary press. The best tabletability was obtained with the isodimensional batch, while the poorest was exhibited by the stick-shaped one. Differences in tabletability are in good accordance with compressibility results: to a better tabletability corresponds an important granule ability to undergo a volume reduction as a result of an applied pressure. In particular, it was proposed that the greatest compressibility of the G-isodimensional must be related to the greatest granule porosity percentage.     

An optimal model of the representative habit data for complex environmental exposure systems

The concept of the representative person recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is difficult to apply to dose assessment to the public because the representative habit data could not be determined in advance for general radiation exposure situations. So, a stylized method for constructing habit data of the representative person is needed to ensure consistency and validity of the dose estimation. This paper presents a generalized model of the representative habit data based on optimization by a linear programming technique to handle complex environmental exposure situations such as radioactive waste disposal. The model is devised in such a way that it can fully embody the ICRP's criteria for the representative person by ensuring the upper 5% exposure in the population and it is applicable to general exposure systems. The model was illustrated for Korea's low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste disposal system to show its applicability to complex exposure systems with multiple scenarios and pathways.     

X型沸石粉体的水热制备与表征

以酸处理红辉沸石为主要原料 ,采用水热法制备了X型沸石粉体。利用XRD ,SEM ,IR等手段研究了水热制备各阶段反应体系中X型沸石成核与晶体生长情况。实验结果表明 :反应混合物的室温陈化是制备纯X型沸石的关键 ,水热反应 6h是制备X型沸石的最佳晶化时间 ,所制得的X型沸石粉体晶形完整 ,粒度 2～ 3μm ,且分布均匀。X型沸石晶粒的生成经历了前驱物溶解 ;硅 (铝 )氧四面体、多元环、β笼等结构的形成 ;成核并形成纳米粒子 ;纳米粒子的聚合生长 ;微米晶粒的继续长大等阶段。X型沸石晶体的表面结构花纹是 β笼四面体在各个面族上叠合的轨迹 ,与 β笼四面体的联结方向相互对应。β笼四面体在各个面族上联结的稳定性顺序为 {1 0 0 } <{1 1 0 } <{1 1 1 } ,因此 ,X型沸石晶体的结晶习性与 β笼四面体的联结方向及其在各个面族上的联结稳定性密切相关     

Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr合金中β相的形貌和晶体学特征(英文)

通过OM、SEM、TEM及EDS分析,研究MgGdYNdZr镁合金中β相的形貌、成分和晶体学特征,分析连续冷却与等温时效两种方式对β相析出行为的影响规律。结果表明,合金在400°C过时效阶段的沉淀相为(1100)面上的板状和块状β相。β相以(1100)为惯习面,与基体的取向关系为(211)//(0110),[011]//[0001]。根据EDS统计分析确定β相的成分为Mg5(Y0.4Gd0.4Nd0.2),与Mg5Gd同型。在连续冷却方式中,相变驱动力较小,晶界等缺陷处结构紊乱,易于松弛、应变,因而优先在晶界附近形核。     

角钢腿部内面刮痕的成因及控制措施

刮痕是角钢常见的表面缺陷之一,降低腿部强度,影响产品美观.针对角钢腿部内面刮痕的成因进行了分析.并提出了采取改良调整方法、规范入口导卫安装、材质改进等措施.改进后,安钢Φ400mm型材机组因刮痕原因造成的待检钢事故由2007年的5起,降为2008年的0起,市场上因刮痕造成的质量异议为0,改进效果良好.     

溶剂对对苯二酚晶体晶习的影响

采用冷却结晶方法,考察了水、甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇和正丁醇等溶剂对对苯二酚晶习的影响,并通过扫描电镜、差热扫描分析、X射线衍射等手段对对苯二酚晶体进行了分析表征.结果表明,溶剂性质显著影响对苯二酚晶体的晶习,随着溶剂介电常数的减小,晶体的长径比变小.在利用分子模拟软件Cerius²预测对苯二酚晶体晶习的基础上,初步揭示了溶剂影响对苯二酚晶体晶习的机理.     

Microstructures of magnesium oxychloride

The well-crystallized phases of magnesium oxychloride (MOC) cement have been described as scroll-tubular whiskers and compared to the tobermorite crystals for a long time. However, sporadic evidence of the acicular crystals without enough and consistent detail has befuddled researchers in the microstructural studies of the cement. With the modern technology and powerful computational capability, more detailed and clarified microstructure of the MOC crystalline phases including morphology, crystal habit, grain size, and elemental composition could be revealed. This paper reports the work on microstructural examination of MOC cement providing practical information for further study of the crystal structure of the different reaction phases. The experimental results show that the crystalline phases of MOC cement are in general needle shaped crystals with a granular surface and bundled in different forms. Imprints of bundled needle shaped crystal can also be scrutinized in the massive and dense microstructure of the cement paste with high compressive strength.     

花球状LLM-105晶体的构筑及性能

为了研究晶体形态对炸药物化性能、应用方式和应用效果的影响,采用溶剂-非溶剂结晶法,分别以二甲亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂、乙酸乙酯为非溶剂、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐(EmimOAc)为结晶助剂,制备得到花球状2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)晶体.EmimOAc的添加显著增强了LLM-105在DMSO中的溶解度,改变了LLM-105晶体生长方式和结构形态,对晶型无影响.热分析测试结果表明:花球状LLM-105晶体有两个明显的分解峰温,分别为347.3～350.5℃和356.7～360.4℃.采用GJB-772A-1997方法601.2测试了花球状LLM-105晶体的撞击感度,采用冲击片雷管起爆测试方法测试了花球状LLM-105晶体的冲击片起爆感度,结果表明:花球状LLM-105晶体的撞击感度与亚微米晶体相当,显著低于针状晶体;冲击片起爆电压低于亚微米晶体.