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51.
介绍燕山石化公司为扩大1Mt/a中压加氢改质装置的原料来源,改用大庆减二线油和重油催化裂化柴油组成的混合料开工投产的经验以及装置初期的运行条件。中压加氢改质技术可以生产优质柴油和蒸汽裂解制乙烯的原料,还可增产喷气燃料。 相似文献
52.
通过引入归一化脉宽P和相对脉冲展宽因子q,提出了一个适用于IM/DD系统中各种眼图恶化量x和归一化脉宽P的色散限制改进公式。通过与其它理论的比较、计算机仿真和对实验数据的分析,验证了该公式的正确性,并给出了其它结果的限制条件。研究表明:当眼图恶化量x为1dB左右时,对2.5Gb/;外调制信号(α=0)而言,非色散位移光纤IM/DD系统的色散因子γ约等于0.79,所对应的系统再生中继距离约为900余公里。 相似文献
53.
Sensitivity analysis is used to show how uncertainties in basic factors, such as heat transfer, pressure drop, compressor efficiency, and thermophysical properties, influence the result of heat pump cycle performance estimations. By comparing the results of this analysis with uncertainty levels of estimations and experimental determinations, it is established to what extent improvements in accuracy are needed. The investigation was carried out for several different applications and, as working fluids, both pure substances and non-azeotropic mixtures were examined. It was found that evaporation heat transfer and compressor efficiency are two areas where improvements are needed. It is also shown that estimates using very accurate, substance-specific, equations of state differ from those using more general types by up to 1 % for COP and 2% for capacity. 相似文献
54.
Dmitri E. Nikonov George I. Bourianoff Paolo A. Gargini 《Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism》2006,19(6):497-513
Quantum limits of power dissipation in spintronic computing are estimated. A computing element composed of a single electron
in a quantum dot is considered. Dynamics of its spin due to external magnetic field and interaction with adjacent dots are
described via the Bloch equations. Spin relaxation due to magnetic noise from various sources is described as coupling to
a reservoir. Resulting dissipation of energy is calculated and is shown to be much less than the thermal limit, ∼kT per bit,
if the rate of spin relaxation is much slower than the switching rate. Clues on how to engineer an energy efficient spintronic
device are provided. 相似文献
55.
Comparative studies on Ar and He closed-cycle MHD power plants combined with fossil fuel are performed. The sizes of a regenerative heat exchanger and a boiler are expected to be smaller for He than for Ar. The pressure loss of a working gas in a regenerative heat exchanger is reduced for He. The purification subsystem for He is expected to be more compact and economical than that for Ar; but a larger compressor is required for He than for Ar. 相似文献
56.
Pankaj Mathure Ashwin Patwardhan 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2005,80(4):413-419
In this study, the mass transfer efficiencies of a novel horizontal rotating packed (h‐RPB) bed and the conventional disc‐type rotating biological contactor (RBC) were studied at four speeds and seven submergences. Pall rings of two different sizes (25, 38 mm), superintalox saddles and a wiremesh spiral bundle were used as packings in the h‐RPB. Volumetric gas–liquid mass transfer coefficients were determined by unsteady state absorption of atmospheric oxygen in de‐aerated water. Power consumption per unit liquid volume has been found for all geometries tested. The oxygen transfer efficiency values for the h‐RPB were found to be 2–5 kg kWh?1 and for the disc RBC were found to be 1–2 kg kWh?1. The performance of the h‐RPB was also compared with other gas–liquid contactors such as surface aerators. The study proves that the h‐RPB is a energy efficient alternative to conventional contactors. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
57.
C Riverol V Napolitano 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2005,80(5):594-600
Pasteurization is an important, if not the most important, process step in the packaging of milk. It is subject to alterations stemming from the variation in the temperature, pH and raw milk quality. The variability may manifest itself in changes in the formation of the deposit (fouling) in the pasteurization unit, such that there is a need for tools, both instrumentation and computational, to help in monitoring the process and keeping it on the desired course. In this paper we describe a practical procedure based on artificial neural networks (ANN) that allows prediction of the deposit thickness, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the critical time (the time that the unit has to be stopped for cleaning) for reducing the impact of fouling on such processes. The procedure determines when the cleaning operation is required once the system is under critical conditions of operations. A combination of fundamental studies and plant measurements were used for study of the operating conditions and thus evaluation of the trades‐offs between operating conditions and longer operating life span. The results are encouraging, enough to validate current operating industrial techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
58.
利用保温裸露因数的概念来反映保温层保温性能的变化,提出采用统一原则来建立适用于单元系统和复合系统保温层热经济寿命的数学模型,并通过实例证明在热经济寿命终了时更新保温层,可使系统的运行具有最大的经济性。 相似文献
59.
M. M. Rashid 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2002,55(4):431-450
A computational procedure for remapping material state information from one finite element mesh to another is described. The procedure is useful in connection with evolving meshes for inelastic problems, as for example occur in the context of fracture simulation and adaptive mesh refinement. The proposed method is based on weak enforcement of equality between corresponding fields on the two meshes, where piecewise‐constant fields on both meshes are generalized from the quadrature‐point values. The essential algorithmic problem is that of calculating the volume partition of an arbitrary convex region with respect to a covering set of disjoint convex regions. Instead of geometrically resolving the associated intersections, the problem is herein approximated by a constrained optimization problem, which may be readily and efficiently solved computationally. This formulation is a main contribution of the paper. Computational examples are given that illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
60.