四元数与欧拉角刚体动力学数值积分算法及其比较

为推广四元数保辛积分在工程中的应用,对欧拉角表示的状态方程数值积分与四元数的保辛积分进行比较.重陀螺的数值仿真结果表明四元数保辛积分的数值结果明显优于欧拉角状态方程积分.与欧拉角状态方程积分相比,四元数保辛积分在刚体动力学的数值仿真中更具优势.     

Cold Crystallization of PLLA Studied by Simultaneous SAXS and WAXS

Summary: The cold crystallization process of initially amorphous poly(L ‐lactic acid), PLLA, with two different molecular weights, during a heating at 2 °C/min, was investigated by DSC and time‐resolved simultaneous SAXS and WAXS, using synchrotron radiation. Equatorial scans of the isotropic 2D‐SAXS patterns showed that the average Bragg long period (L_B) of PLLA samples was approximately constant with the development of cold crystallization up to a temperature that corresponded to a melt/re‐crystallization process that took place before the nominal melting peak seen by DSC. L_B values were found to be higher for the high molecular weight material. This was in accordance with the higher melting temperature observed in the high molecular weight PLLA that implied the existence of thicker lamellae. WAXS results showed that the molecular weight did not apparently affect the crystal form and the final degree of crystallinity of PLLA. The Avrami parameters from WAXS and DSC were consistent, showing that the non‐isothermal cold crystallization of the two PLLA samples corresponded mainly to a three‐dimensional growth, although an imperfect crystallization process was involved at early times. The crystallization rate of PLLA, observed both by WAXS and DSC, decreased with increasing molecular weight.

SAXS profiles of PLLA2 as a function of temperature. The inset shows the 2D‐SAXS pattern obtained at 180 °C.     

Soap‐free emulsion copolymerization of perfluoroalkyl acrylates in the presence of a reactive surfactant

Soap‐free emulsion copolymerization of perfluoroalkyl acrylate (FA)/methyl methacrylate (MMA)/n‐butyl acrylate (n‐BA) was carried out in the presence of sodium 2‐acrylamide‐2‐methyl propanesulfonate (AMPSNa) as a reactive surfactant and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. An analysis of the effects of concentration of AMPSNa, KPS, FA as well as polymerization temperature on the kinetic features (rate of polymerization) and colloidal characteristics (mean particle diameter, particle disperse index, particle numbers, and surface charge density) was followed. NMR, FTIR, AFM, and fluorine‐selective electrode analysis were used to characterize the composition and morphology of the FA copolymers. Both AFM analysis and contact angle measurements strongly implied that the fluorinated segments migrated to the outmost surface and created films with lower surface energy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2438–2444, 2007     

In-situ monitoring of the stabilization with hydrogen of free radicals thermally induced from coal using high pressure e.s.r., d.t.a. and p.d.a. equipment

High temperature, high pressure e.s.r. measurements of the hydrogenation reaction of Taiheiyo coal in the presence of catalysts were carried out to understand the stabilization of thermally and/or catalytically induced free radicals. A decrease in free radical concentration with increasing temperature was observed for ZnCl₂ and SnCl₂ · 2H₂O catalysts at 10MPa under hydrogen gas. High pressure modified single-cell d.t.a. and p.d.a. equipment augmented the uniquely designed high temperature, high pressure e.s.r. cell. The hydrogenation reaction was monitored under the same experimental conditions as for e.s.r. From the results of the combination of high temperature, high pressure e.s.r. with high pressure d.t.a. and p.d.a., it was established that H₂ molecules can react efficiently with free radicals from coal molecules created by the presence of ZnCl₂ and SnCl₂ · 2H₂O catalysts.     

Synthesis of copolymers of tert‐butyl vinyl ether with maleic and citraconic anhydrides

In the present study, the effects of charge‐transfer complex formation and intramolecular fragmentation (side‐chain lactonization) in radical copolymerization of tert‐butyl vinyl ether (t‐BVE) with anhydrides of maleic (MA) and citraconic (CA) acids and the structure–thermal behavior relationships of the resulting copolymers were examined using the ¹H‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, and TGA analysis methods. It was shown that copolymerization under the chosen conditions proceeded through intramolecular fragmentation with the formation of γ‐lactone units. Side‐chain fragmentation of t‐BVE–MA and t‐BVE–CA copolymers also was confirmed by TGA and DSC analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2455–2463, 2006 2006     

银杏叶中有效成分的提取及其应用

研究了银杏叶中黄酮类抗氧化成分的提取工艺，并对黄酮类物质清除自由基和抗氧化性能进行了探讨。结果表明：用质量分数70％乙醇回流提取银杏叶，65℃时黄酮的质量浓度高达0．0625μg/mL。黄酮类物质有很强的清除自由基能力和抗氧化能力，随着黄酮浓度的增加，溶液的吸光度逐渐减小，即对．OH的清除率逐渐增大，抗氧化能力逐渐增大。且对人体无毒害作用，可考虑代替合成的抗氧化剂。     

Kinetics of the peracetic acid decomposition: Part II: pH effect and alkaline hydrolysis

The effect of pH on the decomposition of peracetic acid in an aqueous solution was studied. It was found that three potential reactions, namely i) the spontaneous decomposition, ii) the hydrolysis and iii) the transition metal catalysed decomposition, are responsible for the consumption of peracetic acid. The spontaneous decomposition reaches its maximum at pH 8.2, while both the hydrolysis and metal ion catalysed decomposition increase as the pH increases. At pH 10.5 and higher, the hydrolysis becomes dominant when the metal ion catalysed decomposition is minimized by the addition of DTMPA. The kinetics of the peracetic acid hydrolysis was developed, which can very well predict the development of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide during the decomposition reaction.     

One‐step synthesis and ring‐opening polymerization of novel macrocyclic(arylene multisulfide) oligomers

A series of macrocyclic(arylene multisulfide) oligomers were synthesized under high dilution conditions by reacting diphenyl ether/diphenyl/diphenyl disulfide/diphenyl methane with dichloro disulfide in the presence of a trace amount of iron powder by a one‐step reaction. From MALDI‐TOF mass spectra, it was established that the repeating units of the cyclization ranged from two to seven and the unit of macrocyclic(arylene multisulfide) oligomers had one to seven sulfur atoms. The macrocyclic oligomers readily underwent ring‐opening polymerization in the melt, resulting in linear, high molecular weight polymultisulfides. DSC thermograms demonstrated that the four polymultisulfides, derived from the macrocyclic(arylene multisulfide) oligomers, are amorphous in nature. The macrocyclic(arylene multisulfide) oligomers and polymers were analyzed by MALDI‐TOF‐MS, IR, HPLC, NMR, DSC, and TGA methods. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 735–741, 2004     

Effects of cobalt, temperature and certain impurities upon cobalt electrowinning from sulfate solutions

The effects of cobalt concentration, temperature and the presence of zinc, copper and iron ions in the electrolyte on current efficiency and cathodic quality were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic methods during cobalt electrowinning. The results showed that high cathodic efficiency of cobalt deposition was obtained from solutions containing cobalt concentration in the range 30–60 g l^–1. Current efficiency increased from 94% to 97% with increase in cobalt concentration to 60 g l^–1 at 20 °C. It was also found that increase in temperature to 50 °C enhanced the cobalt deposition reaction, along with the rate of hydrogen evolution, resulting in little change in current efficiency. The presence of foreign cations in the electrolyte not only adversely affects current efficiency but also promotes cracking and peeling.     

Biobased thermosets from the free‐radical copolymerization of conjugated linseed oil

New polymeric thermosets were prepared through the bulk free‐radical copolymerization of 100% conjugated linseed oil, acrylonitrile, and divinylbenzene. Under the appropriate reaction conditions and with the appropriate curing sequence, 61–96 wt % of the oil was incorporated into the crosslinked thermosets. The resulting yellow, transparent thermosets varied from being soft and flexible to being hard and brittle. Dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis showed that these thermosets had good mechanical properties and thermal stability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 979–985, 2007