The Effect of Moisture Content in Epoxy Film Adhesives on their Performance. III: Bulk Properties

Humidity absorbed by epoxy film adhesives during low temperature storage or exposure to atmosphere may result in reversible changes and irreversible modifications. Vacuum treatment may partially remedy the reversible changes. The consequences of vacuum drying are manifested in enhancement of both the peel and shear properties of bonded joints (Part I and Part II of this series of papers) and the thermal, physical and mechanical properties of the bulk adhesive, characterized in the present study.

Experimental results have shown that the bulk properties of structural epoxy based adhesives are highly correlated with the aging processes caused by water absorption in the prepolymerized adhesive. Applying the vacuum process is harmful to fresh unaged adhesive due to devolatization of low molecular species of the film adhesive.

The characterization of bulk properties for the purpose of following the aging and recovery processes is advantageous, since the bulk is independent of geometrical and interfacial effects which dominate in the case of property evaluation of the adhesive in a bonded joint.     

Aging and availability of binocular disparity and pictorial depth cues in 3D graphics contents

Some stereoblind observers do not perceive depth of 3D stimuli that depends on binocular disparity. These individuals, who have no disabilities, comprise over 5% of the general population. In addition, 17–30% of nonstereoblind young and young–middle people do not use disparity information in certain 3D environments, a phenomenon known as pseudo‐stereoblindness. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aging and the proportion of pseudo‐stereoblindness in the general population. In an experiment, 134 nonstereoblind participants, ranging in age from 17 to 83 years, judged subjective depth of 3D stimuli containing binocular disparity and pictorial depth cues. Results showed that the proportion of pseudo‐stereoblindness among young (17–24 years old) and young–middle aged observers (25–39 years old) was 29%, in both cases. However, the proportion of pseudo‐stereoblind observers increased in older populations: 65% and 82% in the middle (40–54 years old) and senior (55–83 years old) age groups, respectively. These results suggest that a number of people, especially in elderly populations, have trouble perceiving depth from binocular disparity in 3D graphic contents despite their essential ability to use disparity information.     

Relation of swelling and Tg depression to the apparent free volume of a particle‐filled,epoxy‐based adhesive

The effect of hygrothermal aging on a particle‐filled, epoxy‐based adhesive was studied using a gravimetric sorption technique. This study has explored moisture sorption characteristics as well as the associated behaviors of swelling and the depression of the glass transition temperature (T_g). We observed that the diffusion of water in this adhesive has a non‐Fickian behavior, and the depression of T_g proceeds to a definite value that is independent of the final equilibrium water content of the system. Our observations suggest that water diffuses into the polymer in a dual‐sorption mode, in which water resides in two populations. In one population, water is considered to occupy apparent free volume of the adhesive, and the second population water infiltrates polymer structure and forms hydrogen‐bonded clusters. Our results show that hygrothermal aging temperature and swelling do not alter the apparent free volume of this adhesive. We conclude that the constant value of T_g depression at saturation implies that only water in the apparent free volume is responsible for the T_g depression, whereas the swelling proceeds through the formation of hydrogen bonds in the adhesive. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1436–1444, 2003     

电容器密封橡胶及其老化机理

电容器用密封橡胶－橡胶塞是影响是容器寿命的关键因素。根据电容器的工作特点，研究了橡胶塞对橡胶的要求，指出了橡胶塞的老化机理是热氧老化。对比了各种橡胶的结构和性能特点，对国内现有EPDM和ⅡR的105℃的橡胶塞进行了试验研究，指出了开发长寿命橡胶塞应该注意的问题。     

Influence of isothermal aging onσprecipitation in super duplex stainless steel

The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) curve of the 00Cr25Ni7Mo4N duplex stainless steel was obtained with a Formastot-digital thermal dilatometer,and the influence of isothermal aging on σ precipitation was studied by metallographic observation,X-ray diffraction (XRD),and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results show that the decomposition of ferrite phase is accompanied by the formation of σ phase at 750-1000℃,especially in the range of 800-900℃.The longer the aging time,the higher the amount of σ precipitation.The area fraction of various phases remains at a certain value upon the completion of ferrite deformation.The temperature of 850℃ is the most sensitive transaction temperature,the incubation time for the formation of o precipitation is less than 1 min,and aging for 20 min leads to the complete transformation of ferrite.The o phase is formed preferentially at the α/α/γ junction,and then grows along the α/α boundary in the matrix.     

Electrical conductivity changes of bulk tin and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu in bulk and in joints during isothermal aging

The changes of electrical conductivity(resistance) between Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder joints and printed circuit board(PCB) assembly during aging at 125℃were investigated by the four-point probe technique.The microstructural characterizations of interfacial layers between the solder matrix and the substrate were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy.Different types of specimens were designed to consider several factors.The experimental results indicate that electrical conductivitie...     

废砂/PE废地膜复合材料热老化性能的研究

以聚乙烯(PE)废地膜和工业废砂为原料,制备了不同配比的废砂/PE废地膜复合材料,研究了PE基体和复合材料的热老化规律。研究发现,经80℃人工加速热老化处理后,复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)随老化时间的增加而降低;一定条件下的热老化有助于加强PE基体和废砂间的界面作用,使复合材料的力学性能先升高后降低;废砂的加入有利于PE废地膜热老化性能的提高。     

铝氧化膜常温封孔机理和时效特性

铝阳极氧化膜的常温封孔机理是溶解一沉积反应，其反应产物主要由水给Ｎｉ（ＯＨ）２，ＡｌＯＯＨ，ＡｌＦ３组成，是水解沉积，水化反应和形成化学转化膜的结果。提出了常温封孔模型，分析了常温封孔膜时效特性对封孔质量检查的影响，提供了两种加速时效熟化的措施。     

抗氧剂对SBS老化行为研究

研究了SBS添加不同抗氧体系的热氧老化行为,考察了SBS拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、扯断永久变形、硬度随热氧老化时间的变化规律,结果标明SBS在热氧老化过程中其拉伸强度、扯断伸长率会出现峰值,随后呈下降趋势,而SBS的扯断永久变形呈上升趋势,硬度则渐渐下降。选择抗氧体系对SBS抗热氧老化性能影响显著。     

J2EE应用服务器的软件老化测试研究

软件老化现象是影响软件可靠性的重要因素,长期运行的软件系统存在软件老化现象,这将影响整个业务系统的正常运行,给企事业单位带来无可估量的经济损失。软件老化出现的主要原因是操作系统资源消耗殆尽,导致应用系统的性能下降甚至崩溃或宕机。文中监测J2EE应用服务器系统资源的使用情况,考虑外界的负载变化,检测系统中软件老化现象,分析系统资源消耗何时达到临界值,从而帮助软件工程人员及时采取预维护手段,预防运行时系统中重大故障的发生。