Three-dimensional structured on-chip stacked zone plates for nanoscale X-ray imaging with high efficiency

Fresnel zone plates are the key optical elements for nanoscale focusing of X-ray beams with high spatial resolution. Conventional zone plates manufactured by planar nanotechnology processes are limited by the achievable aspect ratios of their zone structures. Additionally, ultra-high resolution X-ray optics with high efficiency requires three-dimensional （3-D） shaped tilted zones. The combination of high spatial resolution and high diffraction efficiency is a fundamental problem in X-ray optics. Based on electrodynamical simulations, we find that the optimized zone plate profile for volume diffraction is given by zone structures with radially increasing tilt angles and decreasing zone heights. On-chip stacking permits the realization of such advanced 3-D profiles without significant loss of the maximum theoretical efficiency. We developed triple layer on-chip stacked zone plates with an overlay accuracy of sub-2 nm which fulfills the nanofabrication requirements. Efficiency measurements of on-chip stacked zone plates show significantly increased values compared to conventional zone plates.     

微光学系统矢量衍射成像的分析与模拟

本文利用瑞利—索末菲矢量衍射公式经适当推理导出微光学系统矢量衍射像点光强度分布的解析计算式,探讨了矢量衍射成像的原理与技术。模拟实验表明,微光学系统的矢量衍射成像,不但要考虑横向场通常还要考虑纵向场,并讨论了波长和偏振态对成像的影响,有助于促进微光学衍射理论与成像技术的发展。     

同时线成像和分幅面成像任意反射面速度干涉仪测速技术

研制了一套线面同时成像任意反射面速度干涉仪(VISAR)用于激光驱动飞片速度场时空分辨测量。将传统VISAR改为成像干涉结构,用变像管扫描相机和高速光电分幅相机分别记录作为信号载体的梳状干涉条纹,实现靶面一条线上各点速度历史和多个时刻二维靶面上所有点速度的测量。所研制的线面同时成像VISAR具有小于10μm的空间分辨和约15m/s的速度分辨能力,线成像VISAR时间分辨小于50ps,面成像VISAR曝光时间小于5ns。用其测量了激光驱动带约束刀口铝膜飞片的速度场,给出了高时空分辨全场速度分布,从中可以清晰看出飞片的演化发展过程。实验结果表明,线面同时成像VISAR将是各种飞片产生技术及相应加载手段中全场速度诊断的有力工具。     

紫外成像系统

电晕放电对电力系统的危害巨大,因此有必要对电晕进行检测。电晕放电产生的紫外线波长为200～400 nm,为了实现电晕放电位置的准确定位,利用240～280 nm这一日盲波段设计了一种日盲紫外成像系统。借助高分辨力镜头、中心波长为254 nm的窄带日盲滤光片和外部采集盒,系统实现了图像采集、图像融合和图像输出的功能。在温度25℃的晴天,对10 m外的高压设备进行成像实验,获得了比较清晰的背景图像、紫外图像和融合图像。同时,在实验室里利用针尖放电模型模拟电晕放电试验,融合采集到的电晕和可见光图像。实验结果验证了系统原理的正确性。     

Magnetic resonance imaging-based computational modelling of blood flow and nanomedicine deposition in patients with peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is generally attributed to the progressive vascular accumulation of lipoproteins and circulating monocytes in the vessel walls leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. This is known to be regulated by the local vascular geometry, haemodynamics and biophysical conditions. Here, an isogeometric analysis framework is proposed to analyse the blood flow and vascular deposition of circulating nanoparticles (NPs) into the superficial femoral artery (SFA) of a PAD patient. The local geometry of the blood vessel and the haemodynamic conditions are derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed at baseline and at 24 months post intervention. A dramatic improvement in blood flow dynamics is observed post intervention. A 500% increase in peak flow rate is measured in vivo as a consequence of luminal enlargement. Furthermore, blood flow simulations reveal a 32% drop in the mean oscillatory shear index, indicating reduced disturbed flow post intervention. The same patient information (vascular geometry and blood flow) is used to predict in silico in a simulation of the vascular deposition of systemically injected nanomedicines. NPs, targeted to inflammatory vascular molecules including VCAM-1, E-selectin and ICAM-1, are predicted to preferentially accumulate near the stenosis in the baseline configuration, with VCAM-1 providing the highest accumulation (approx. 1.33 and 1.50 times higher concentration than that of ICAM-1 and E-selectin, respectively). Such selective deposition of NPs within the stenosis could be effectively used for the detection and treatment of plaques forming in the SFA. The presented MRI-based computational protocol can be used to analyse data from clinical trials to explore possible correlations between haemodynamics and disease progression in PAD patients, and potentially predict disease occurrence as well as the outcome of an intervention.     

新型SPECT/MRI双模态显像剂SPION-DMSA-RGD-~(99)Tc~m的合成与生物评价

为制备纳米材料SPION-DMSA-RGD及其标记物SPION-DMSA-RGD-99 Tcm,探讨该标记物作为SPECT/MRI双模态显像剂的可能性,在水溶性纳米颗粒SPION-DMSA上连接c(RGDfC),得到了SPION-DMSA-RGD,并进行了结构表征。用99 Tcm对SPION-DMSA-RGD进行标记,并对该标记物进行了正常鼠和荷U87MG人脑神经胶质瘤裸鼠的生物分布研究,及荷U87MG人脑神经胶质瘤裸鼠的MRI和SPECT显像研究。研究结果表明,SPION-DMSA-RGD具有超顺磁性,99 Tcm标记率约为98%。正常鼠和荷U87MG人脑神经胶质瘤裸鼠的生物分布结果表明,SPION-DMSA-RGD-99 Tcm在血液中清除较快,在肝脏中摄取较高,在肿瘤中有摄取。荷U87MG人脑神经胶质瘤裸鼠的MRI和SPECT显像结果表明,SPION-DMSA-RGD和SPION-DMSA-RGD-99 Tcm的肿瘤主动靶向作用明显。以上结果提示,对于荷U87MG人脑神经胶质瘤裸鼠,SPION-DMSA-RGD-99 Tc m是一种SPECT/MRI双模态显像剂。     

基于γ图像重建放射源三维几何形状的模拟研究

准确评估待检测对象内放射性物质的几何形状,在核设施退役和核安全等方面都具有重要的意义。利用MCNP模拟屏蔽体内不同几何形状的体源,针孔γ相机围绕被探测区域获取投影数据。根据针孔成像的机理,建立系数矩阵,并通过最大似然期望最大(MLEM)算法重建体源的三维位置和形状分布。模拟数据结果表明:该方法可准确地重建出放射性体源的三维位置和形状分布,体源在三维方向上形状的尺寸偏差不大于10%。     

光栅立体印刷的成像原理及技术工艺

光栅可分为狭缝光栅、柱镜光栅和矩阵式光栅,其中柱镜光栅应用最为广泛,3种光栅成像原理各不相同,且各具优缺点,其应用领域也不相同。立体印刷的工艺流程主要包括原稿制作、制版、印刷、印后加工。研究制作高精度、高一致性的光栅,制定统一的产品标准,普及在线光栅印刷工艺,将成为未来立体印刷技术的主要发展方向。     

Nebulized Gadolinium‐Based Nanoparticles: A Theranostic Approach for Lung Tumor Imaging and Radiosensitization

Lung cancer is the most common and most fatal cancer worldwide. Thus, improving early diagnosis and therapy is necessary. Previously, gadolinium‐based ultra‐small rigid platforms (USRPs) were developed to serve as multimodal imaging probes and as radiosensitizing agents. In addition, it was demonstrated that USRPs can be detected in the lungs using ultrashort echo‐time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE‐MRI) and fluorescence imaging after intrapulmonary administration in healthy animals. The goal of the present study is to evaluate their theranostic properties in mice with bioluminescent orthotopic lung cancer, after intrapulmonary nebulization or conventional intravenous administration. It is found that lung tumors can be detected non‐invasively using fluorescence tomography or UTE‐MRI after nebulization of USRPs, and this is confirmed by histological analysis of the lung sections. The deposition of USRPs around the tumor nodules is sufficient to generate a radiosensitizing effect when the mice are subjected to a single dose of 10 Gy conventional radiation one day after inhalation (mean survival time of 112 days versus 77 days for irradiated mice without USRPs treatment). No apparent systemic toxicity or induction of inflammation is observed. These results demonstrate the theranostic properties of USRPs for the multimodal detection of lung tumors and improved radiotherapy after nebulization.     

Double‐Walled Au Nanocage/SiO2 Nanorattles: Integrating SERS Imaging,Drug Delivery and Photothermal Therapy

In this work, a novel type of nanomedical platform, the double‐walled Au nanocage/SiO₂ nanorattle, is successfully fabricated by combining two “hollow‐excavated strategies”—galvanic replacement and “surface‐protected etching”. The rational design of double‐walled nanostructure based on gold nanocages (AuNCs) and hollow SiO₂ shells functionalized respectively with p‐aminothiophenol (pATP) and Tat peptide simultaneously renders the nanoplatforms three functionalities: 1) the whole nanorattle serves as a high efficient drug carrier thanks to the structural characteristics of AuNC and SiO₂ shell with hollow interiors and porous walls; 2) the AuNC with large electromagnetic enhancement acts as a sensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate to track the internalization process of the nanorattles by human MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, as well as an efficient photothermal transducer for localized hyperthermia cancer therapy due to the strong near‐infrared absorption; 3) Tat‐functionalized SiO₂ shell not only improves biocompatibility and cell uptake efficiency resulting in enhanced anticancer efficacy but also prevents the AuNCs from aggregation and provides the stability of AuNCs so that the SERS signals can be used for cell tracking in high fidelity. The reported chemistry and the designed nanostructures should inspire more interesting nanostructures and applications.