离子色谱法测定人乳中乳糖

目的建立人乳中乳糖的离子色谱检测方法。方法采用阴离子交换柱CarboPac PA20(3 mm×150 mm)进行分离,对淋洗液梯度进行优化分离乳糖标准,建立了人乳中乳糖糖含量的自动分析方法并采用外标法进行定量分析。结果在最佳实验条件下,乳糖方法的线性范围为0.2~20 mg/L,相关系数大于0.999;方法检出限(信噪比为3)为10 mg/kg,定量限(信噪比为10)为30 mg/kg;人乳中乳糖含量日内精密度的RSD为0.72%~1.53%。结论方法优化后,排除了杂质干扰,使乳糖定量更为准确。本方法操作简单、精确、快速,可用于人乳中乳糖的定量。     

Ultrasonic characterization of lactose crystallization in gelatin gels

Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements (2.25 MHz center frequency) were used to follow bulk crystallization of lactose (43% and 46%) from gelatin (1.5% and 3%) gels at 25 °C, and compared to turbidity (500 nm) and isothermal calorimetric measurements. Ultrasonic velocity decreased slightly (approximately 0.5%) during crystallization while ultrasonic attenuation was low in the absence of lactose crystals and increased progressively during crystallization. The lag time before the onset of crystallization decreased and the maximum rate of increase in attenuation during crystallization increased with increasing lactose supersaturation but was not affected by gelatin concentration (P < 0.05). Similar results were seen in turbidity and isothermal calorimetric measurements. Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have the potential to measure crystallization kinetics in complex food matrices and to be applied on-line. Practical Application: Many foods contain crystals that affect their taste and texture (for example, lactose crystals can give a grainy defect in ice cream). The formation of crystals is often hard to predict so methods to measure the development of crystals inside real foods are useful. In this study, we show that as lactose crystallizes in a gelatin gel the ultrasonic attenuation--capacity to absorb sound--increases and can be related to the amount of crystals present. Ultrasound is easier to apply in real food processing than the existing methodologies.     

Hydrolysis of lactose in whey permeate for subsequent fermentation to ethanol

Fermentation of lactose in whey permeate directly into ethanol has had only limited commercial success, as the yields and alcohol tolerances of the organisms capable of directly fermenting lactose are low. This study proposes an alternative strategy: treat the permeate with acid to liberate monomeric sugars that are readily fermented into ethanol. We identified optimum hydrolysis conditions that yield mostly monomeric sugars and limit formation of fermentation inhibitors such as hydroxymethyl furfural by caramelization reactions. Both lactose solutions and commercial whey permeates were hydrolyzed using inorganic acids and carbonic acid. In all cases, more glucose was consumed by secondary reactions than galactose. Galactose was recovered in approximately stoichiometric proportions. Whey permeate has substantial buffering capacity-even at high partial pressures (>5500 kPa[g]), carbon dioxide had little effect on the pH in whey permeate solutions. The elevated temperatures required for hydrolysis with CO2-generated inhibitory compounds through caramelization reactions. For these reasons, carbon dioxide was not a feasible acidulant. With mineral acids reversion reactions dominated, resulting in a stable amount of glucose released. However, the Maillard browning reactions also appeared to be involved. By applying Hammet's acidity function, kinetic data from all experiments were described by a single line. With concentrated inorganic acids, low reaction temperatures allowed lactose hydrolysis with minimal by-product formation and generated a hexose-rich solution amenable to fermentation.     

应用透性化细胞乳糖酶生产低乳糖牛乳的工艺研究

主要探讨了应用透性化细胞乳糖的工艺条件，实验证明，透性化细胞乳糖的最适合PH值为6，6最加入 0．57ro透性化细胞乳糖酶在 39℃水解 Zh或 st水解 12h均可使牛乳中乳糖水解 率达 60％以上，从而有效地解决乳糖不耐受的问题。     

Water Plasticization and Crystallization of Lactose in Spray-dried Lactose/Protein Mixtures

ABSTRACT: Water plasticization led to depression of the glass transition causing significant changes in the physico-chemical and crystallization properties in storage of lactose and lactose/protein (3:1) mixtures. Glass transition (Tg) and crystallization temperatures (Tcr) were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. Whey protein isolate (WPI), albumin, and gelatin increased the Tg of dry powders; when Na-caseinate was used, a decrease was observed. In the presence of proteins and water, a decrease of Tg at aw ≤ 0.23 was observed. At aw ≤ 0.33, proteins increased the Tg In the anhydrous state, Tcr decreased in the presence of proteins possibly because of browning. WPI, Na-caseinate, albumin, and gelatin delayed lactose crystallization in humidified samples, with albumin and gelatin delaying it more than WPI at all storage humidities. Temperature difference between an observed instant crystallization and glass transition (Tcr to Tg) was larger for humidified samples containing proteins than for lactose. Various proteins and water affect crystallization behavior of amorphous lactose differently in spray-dried powders. This should be considered in evaluating sugar crystallization properties in food products including dairy powders.     

Lactose crystallization delay in model infant foods made with lactose, beta-lactoglobulin, and starch

Handling and storage alter infant food powders due to lactose crystallization and interactions among components. Model infant foods were prepared by colyophilization of lactose, β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), and gelatinized starch. A mixture design was used to define the percentage of each mixture component to simulate a wide range of infant food powders. The kinetics of crystallization was studied by a gravimetric method (dynamic vapor sorption) at 70% relative humidity (RH). After freeze-drying, lactose was amorphous and crystallized at 70% RH. The delay before crystallization depends on the contents of β-LG and starch in the formulations. A mathematical model was proposed to predict crystallization time (delay) at 70% RH. For the formulation containing 50% lactose, 25% β-LG, and 25% starch, lactose was still amorphous after 42 h at 70% RH, whereas pure amorphous lactose crystallized after approximately 70 min. Calculated and experimental results of adsorbed moisture from the formulations were compared. Adsorbed water of formulation containing lactose could not be calculated from moisture sorption properties of each component at a given RH because β-LG and gelatinized starch prevented lactose crystal growth.     

国内市售婴幼儿配方乳粉中葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖 及蔗糖含量的检测与分析

目的分析目前市场上售卖的主要品牌婴幼儿配方乳粉中葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖及蔗糖含量,掌握婴幼儿配方乳粉中葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖及蔗糖的质量状况,调查研究乳基婴儿配方食品是否违规添加果糖情况,指导消费者理性消费。方法本文对婴幼儿配方乳粉进行市场随机采样,建立离子色谱-脉冲安培法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖及蔗糖方法。经处理后的四种物质以高效阴离子交换柱为分析柱,氢氧化钠为淋洗液,梯度洗脱,脉冲安培检测器(PAD)检测,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。对检测数据进行分析。结果目前国内市场销售23品牌中69批次婴幼儿配方乳粉产品质量总体情况良好。结论婴儿配方乳粉中未发现违规添加果糖。     

乳糖糖苷表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

以乳糖、乙二醇、高碳醇为原料,采用转糖苷法合成了乳糖糖苷表面活性剂,用正交及单因素实验探讨了合成乳糖糖苷的最佳工艺条件,得到的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度110℃,反应时间4 h,m(乳糖)∶m(对甲苯磺酸)∶m(十二烷基苯磺酸)∶m(乙二醇)∶m(高碳醇)=1∶0.013∶0.03∶4.9∶1.2,在该条件下糖苷产率为129.7%,糖转化率为98.37%。对所得产品进行FTIR、GC-MS和表面张力等性能分析。结果表明,乳糖能够合成糖苷类表面活性剂。     

Immobilisation of β-galactosidase onto gelatin by glutaraldehyde and chromium(III) acetate

β-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) was immobilised onto a gelatin carrier system by crosslinking. Glutaraldehyde and chromium(III) acetate were used as crosslinking agents. The effect of pH on enzyme activity, kinetic parameters and reusability of the immobilised enzyme were investigated. To obtain a better relative activity, a method was developed and further modified to increase the surface area of the support system by using polyacrylamide. Relative activity enhancement of 68% was achieved in the gelatin–glutaraldehyde system.