两歧双歧杆菌促生长培养基的初步筛选

本试验首先比较了两歧双歧杆菌在TPY,PTYG和改良MRS培养基的生长情况,发现PTYG作为两歧双歧杆菌的生长培养基相对较好;然后在PTYG培养基中加入乳清蛋白水解液和乳糖,结果表明乳清蛋白水解液与乳糖对两歧双歧杆菌的生长有一定的影响,其适当添加量为10%乳清蛋白水解液（mL/mL）和1.5%乳糖（g/g）。     

Numerical modelling and characterization of nanofiltration membranes for the separation of carbohydrate mixtures

The results of an experimental and computational investigation of the selective separation of carbohydrates on nano‐membranes in cross‐flow filtration are reported. Two commercial membranes (NF270‐400 and TFC‐SR3) were characterised in terms of permeability and rejection of carbohydrate solutions. It is shown that the membranes can be used to recover glucose and galactose from their mixtures with lactose. The permeate flux is shown to depend on sugar concentration, with permeate flux decreasing as the concentration increases. Quantitative evaluation using numerical analysis of the above flow and separation process showed that the performance of nano‐membranes can be captured and reproduced with sufficient accuracy, thereby reducing the number of experiments require to evaluate the suitability of membranes in different applications. A Fickian approach is adopted to model the separation, and is shown to be effective.     

Assessment of adhesion and autoadhesion forces between particles and surfaces. Part II. The investigation of adhesion phenomena of Salmeterol Xinafoate and lactose monohydrate particles in particle-on-particle and particle-on-surface contact

The centrifuge technique has been used to compare particle-on-particle and particle-on-surface adhesion with Salmeterol Xinafoate particles on single lactose particles or compacted lactose surfaces. The results from particle-on-particle and particle-on-surface adhesion measurements are not equivalent in terms of median adhesion force. The assessment of adhesion using either particle-on-particle or particle-on-surface systems depends on the process on which information is required: e.g. mixing problems are better investigated by applying the particle-on-particle technique, whereas surface transport problems such as powder compaction or flow can be more appropriately studied using particle-on-surface measurements. Taking autoadhesion measurements from the previous study into account, adhesion and autoadhesion forces were found to allow the prediction and choice of mixture components for powder blends. The results suggest that the homogeneity of such a powder blend depends both on thermodynamic properties and on the adhesion and autoadhesion properties of the single components.     

高压微波催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

采用微波辐射技术，以一水硫酸氢钠为催化剂，由肉桂酸和甲醇直接酯化合成肉桂酸甲酯，用正交试验研究了各反应因素对产品收率的影响。确定其最佳反应条件为：酸醇摩尔比为1：5，催化剂用量为0.6g。微波功率为729W，辐射时间为5min，产品收率为98.8%。催化剂可重复使用。     

酶法水解乳糖与热处理偶联对牛乳Maillard反应的影响

旨在探讨乳糖水解程度及热处理方法与Maillard反应的关系,鲜牛乳用中性乳糖酶处理获得不同水解程度的低乳糖牛乳,然后对牛乳进行不同的热处理,处理后的样本进行Maillard反应程度评价。采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定不同水解时间的牛乳中葡萄糖质量浓度和乳糖水解率,用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法分别测定水解后牛乳经不同热处理后的糠氨酸和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF)含量及牛乳褐变程度的OD值。结果表明,随着乳糖水解时间的延长,牛乳中的葡萄糖含量呈增加的趋势,葡萄糖质量浓度从0.00 mg/100 m L增加到1 721.33 mg/100 m L,但增加趋势逐渐变缓;乳糖水解率从0%增加到70.33%,水解时间2.0 h后的牛乳水解率达到了50%以上。糠氨酸含量呈上升的趋势(P0.05),水解时间在3.0 h以上并经75℃、30 min热处理的牛乳,糠氨酸含量超过了190 mg/100 g pro;水解时间为0.5 h及以上并经75℃、15 s热处理的牛乳,糠氨酸含量超过了12 mg/100 g pro。生鲜牛乳和水解后经75℃、30 min热处理的牛乳,均未检测到5-HMF,水解后经75℃、15 s热处理的牛乳,随乳糖水解时间的延长,牛乳中5-HMF含量增加显著(P0.05)。牛乳的褐变程度随乳糖水解时间显著增加(P0.05),且乳糖酶水解后75℃、30 min热处理的牛乳的褐变程度明显高于75℃、15 s热处理的牛乳。本研究结果说明,乳糖经过酶水解后的牛乳,长时间热处理会加重乳Maillard反应,影响乳的蛋白质品质。     

一种新型乳糖酶在制备低乳糖牛奶中的应用研究

目的通过检测一种新型乳糖酶在不同条件下对牛乳中乳糖的水解率,研究其在制备低乳糖牛奶的最适条件。方法产乳糖酶基因工程菌株发酵并提取乳糖酶,分别在10,25和37℃条件下按不同比例添加该新型乳糖酶液,使用HPLC检测其乳糖水解率。结果该酶在10℃（0．9％）水解率可达83％以上,25℃（0．9％）水解率93％以上,37℃（0.3％）水解率94％以上。结论该酶在低温下具有良好的乳糖水解率,在工业上具有广阔的应用前景。     

低乳糖奶的应用与发展

牛奶是营养丰富、容易消化吸收的天然食品。但是由于乳 糖不耐症的存在,使较多消费者饮用牛奶后会出现消化不 良、腹胀等现象。而低乳糖牛奶的开发满足了乳糖不耐症 患者的乳品消费需求,又改善了其他一些乳制品的加工工 艺条件和产品品质,促进了我国乳制品工业的发展。     

Prediction of Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation Performance From Surface Energetics and Blending Dynamics

The purpose of these studies was to investigate the ability of surface energy measurements and rates of mixing in dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations to predict aerosol dispersion performance. Two lactose carrier systems comprising either spray-dried or milled particles were developed such that they had identical physical characteristics except for surface morphology and surface energies avoiding confounding variables common in other studies. Surface energy measurements confirmed significant differences between the powder systems. Spray-dried lactose had a higher surface entropy (0.20 vs. 0.13 mJ/m²K) and surface enthalpy (103.2 vs. 79.2 mJ/m²) compared with milled lactose. Mixing rates of budesonide or fluorescein were assessed dynamically, and significant differences in blending were observed between lactose systems for both drugs. Surface energies of the lactose carriers were inversely proportional to dispersion performance. In addition, the root mean square (RMS) of blending rates correlated positively with aerosol dispersion performance. Both techniques have potential utility in routine screening of DPI formulations.     

Evolution of available lysine and lactose contents in supplemented microencapsulated fish oil infant formula powder during storage

In this work we report the evolution of available lysine, lactose and lipid hydroperoxide contents as indicators of food quality and stability of two types of infant formula powder stored at 25° and 37 °C for 12 months. The first type was supplemented with microencapsulated fish oil (MFO), made of little powder particles in a food starch‐coated matrix of caseinate and saccharose to prevent the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The second type was not supplemented and was used for reference. MFO might not be stable during storage and affect negatively the quality of the formula in two ways: by oxidation of PUFA, which may also easily react with lysine upon oxidation, blocking lysine, or by hydrolysis of saccharose, producing reducing sugars and increasing the Maillard reaction. Slight changes were observed in lysine and lactose evolution. By comparing the two formulae, this study shows that the MFO material did not negatively affect the studied parameters, indicating therefore acceptable stability in the conditions tested.     

Enhanced β-galactosidase production by supplementing whey with cauliflower waste

Among the five Kluyveromyces marxianus strains tested for β-galactosidase production, K. marxianus NCIM 3465 showed maximum enzyme activity of 1.62 IU mg⁻¹ dry weight. Different levels (5–25%, w/v) of dried cauliflower waste were incorporated into whey to evaluate the effect of its supplementation on enzyme production. Although a marginal increase in enzyme production was seen by incorporating 5% and 10% cauliflower waste in whey, nearly 15% increase in β-galactosidase production was observed when cauliflower waste level was increased to 20% compared with whey alone. Supplementing whey with 20% cauliflower waste also decreased the production time. Lactose concentration in whey, mainly responsible for increasing the biological oxygen demand load of the effluent water, decreased from 4.2% to nearly 0% at 24 h. Thus, this study demonstrated that both these by-products/residues could be effectively used for β-galactosidase production at commercial scale.