低乳糖酸奶的研制

研究了低乳糖酸奶产品的配方组成及其生产工艺条件等。结果表明，该产品除具备有普通酸奶的营养丰富全面、口味酸甜爽口纯正以及凝固性能良好和无褐变等特点外，其乳糖的水解率高达70％以上，可以有效的预防人体乳糖不耐症的发生。     

柱前衍生化HPLC法分析牛奶中乳糖动态水解研究

采用1-苯基-3-甲基5-吡唑啉酮（PMP）对牛奶中的糖类进行衍生化处理，将其转化成紫外光下具有强吸收的物质．从而能利用高效液相法快速准确地监测牛奶中乳糖酶的动态水解趋势。结果表明，乳糖酶水解牛奶乳糖的最佳时间为3—4h．并且发现该方法可以直接用于乳糖含量的分析，为低乳糖奶制品的研究开发和检测分析提供参考。     

Measuring acceptance of milk and milk substitutes among younger and older children

Appropriate nutrient-dense foods and beverages are crucial for children for proper growth and development and to develop healthful lifelong habits. This study investigated children's (ages 8 to 16 y old) perception of sensory intensity, attribute liking and overall liking of unflavored and chocolate lactose-free cow's milk and soy beverages. Products were not identified as to whether they were soy or milk. Children showed greater acceptance of lactose-free cow's milk compared to milk substitute beverages, within flavor category. No differences in acceptance emerged by ethnic group (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic), but a large difference emerged by age group. All product acceptance differences perceived by older children reoccurred among the younger children and in the same direction, but the older children used a larger range of numbers, especially at the lower end, rather than at the higher end of acceptance. The effect of age is not a simple scaling bias but may suggest a reduced criticism by younger respondents of less-acceptable products.     

一水硫酸氢钠催化合成混合二元酸二辛酯

在一水硫酸氢钠催化剂作用下,以异辛醇及生产环己酮的副产混合二元酸为原料,考察了混合二元酸二辛酯合成的工艺条件。结果表明,最佳酯化反应条件为混合二元酸粗品14.6 g,异辛醇40 mL,以15 mL二甲苯作带水剂,催化剂一水硫酸氢钠0.30 g,110～156℃回流反应1.5 h。在该优化条件下,混合二元酸的酯化率达99.64%。催化剂经重结晶后可重复使用。     

纳滤技术回收乳制品废水中乳糖的研究

以回收乳制品废水中的乳糖和再生废水为目的,研究了纳滤膜法回收废水中乳糖的工艺,系统地讨论了操作压力、进料流量、浓缩比等因素对回收率和对COD去除率的影响。在本实验条件下,纳滤膜法回收乳制品废水中乳糖的最佳操作压力为1.0 MPa,进料流量为28 L/min。在此最佳操作压力和进料流量下,废水中乳糖的回收率为100%。而纳滤膜处理后乳制品废水的各项水质指标也达到了再生水的水质标准。     

Characteristics of lactose-free frozen yogurt with κ-carrageenan and corn starch as stabilizers

Frozen yogurt is a type of dairy product that is considered to be a more healthful alternative to conventional ice cream due to its lower fat content and the presence of viable lactic acid bacteria. Lactose-free products are a growing trend in the dairy industry, and lactose-free yogurts and ice creams can both be found on the market. However, lactose-free frozen yogurt has not yet reached the market. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of adding κ-carrageenan (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15%) and corn starch (1, 2, and 3%) on acidity, texture, viscosity, overrun, melting properties, color attributes, and sensory characteristics of lactose-free frozen yogurts. Lactose was reduced by enzymatic hydrolysis during the fermentation process. The effectiveness of the hydrolysis was measured by HPLC, and lactose was reduced to 0.05% after 80 min of incubation with the enzyme. The addition of stabilizers did not change overrun and melting properties of frozen yogurt, but it did affect pH, titratable acidity, and color parameters. The product with 0.15% κ-carrageenan had the highest hardness and stickiness values. Moreover, κ-carrageenan had a positive effect on sensory attractiveness of lactose-free frozen yogurt, and it reduced the coarse texture in comparison with the control without stabilizers. A lactose-free frozen yogurt with good quality and nutritional characteristics was produced, particularly with the use of κ-carrageenan as stabilizer.     

Genetic associations of lactose and its ratios to other milk solids with health traits in Austrian Fleckvieh cows

The genetic correlations (r_a) of milk lactose percentage (LP), lactose yield (LY), and ratios of LP to other milk solids with udder, metabolic, and fertility disorders have not been assessed in dairy cattle so far. To evaluate the potential role of milk lactose as indicator of cow health, 142,285 lactation records of 84,289 Austrian Fleckvieh cows were analyzed with univariate and bivariate animal models. Milk traits were on a 150-d basis and health traits were coded as binary (0/1). Other than LP and LY, 3 new phenotypes were defined and included in the present study, namely the lactose-to-fat, lactose-to-protein, and lactose-to-solids ratios. The most heritable trait was LP (0.566 ± 0.008) and heritability of LY was much lower (0.145 ± 0.005). Heritability estimates close to 0.50 were assessed for the ratios. The frequency of health disorders was higher in multiparous cows yielding milk with low LP (≤4.553%) compared with cows yielding milk with high LP (≥5.045%). Heritabilities of health traits were in the expected ranges, with the highest estimate for ovarian cysts (CYS; 0.037 ± 0.004) and the lowest for retained placenta (0.005 ± 0.001). Mastitis (MAS) genetically correlated with LY (0.518 ± 0.057); considering that the amount of synthesized lactose is the key regulator of milk volume, this result confirmed that high-producing cows are more genetically susceptible to MAS than low-producing animals. Similar to MAS, ketosis (KET) was also positively genetically associated with LY (0.420 ± 0.077) and a weak and unfavorable r_a between KET and lactose-to-protein ratio was estimated (0.159 ± 0.077). The r_a of LY with milk fever (MFV) and CYS were approximately 0.20. The r_a of LP with MAS, KET, and MFV were negative (?0.142 on average), supporting the idea that LP is a potential health indicator. Genetic correlations between health traits ranged from zero (retained placenta with MAS and CYS) to 0.463 ± 0.090 (MAS and MFV). Results of the present study suggest that LP has potentiality to be used as indicator trait to improve udder health in Austrian Fleckvieh population.     

固体酸催化蓖麻油制备生物柴油

以一水硫酸氢钠固体酸为催化剂,对蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油进行了研究。在反应温度为75℃条件下,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量(占油质量)及反应时间对酯交换反应的影响。在反应温度为75℃、醇油摩尔比为9∶1、催化剂用量为4%、反应时间为8 h的优化工艺条件下,平均甘油收率达93%,产物中甲酯总含量为95.20%。甲酯和甘油静置分层快,后处理简单,对环境无污染。     

乳糖诱导葡萄球菌肠毒素A基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

以乳糖作为诱导剂代替传统方法中的IPTG,分别从菌龄、诱导剂浓度、诱导时间及诱导剂的添加方式等方面,对乳糖诱导金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A(staphylococcal enterotoxins A,SEA)基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中的表达进行了研究。结果表明,重组大肠杆菌表达SEA的优化条件为:在对数生长期(OD600约为0.6),一次性添加终浓度为0.5 mmol/L的乳糖诱导6 h。目标蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白质的36.9%,略低于以IPTG为诱导剂时38.1%的表达量。乳糖价格仅为IPTG的1%左右,因此,在SEA的大规模制备中,使用乳糖作为诱导剂可以大大节约成本。