New correlation for predicting the viscosity of heavy petroleum fractions

A new, simple and reliable empirical correlation for predicting the viscosities of heavy petroleum fractions is proposed, applicable to fractions with mid-boiling points from 80 to 550°C over a wide range of viscosities (0.4 to 260 mm² s⁻¹) and measurement temperatures (40 to 200°C). This correlation showed better accuracy in the prediction of heavy petroleum fraction viscosities than that of the most accurate and much more complicated predictive methods in the literature, since it gave an overall average absolute deviation of 6.5% when tested on 296 data for medium and heavy petroleum fractions.     

Micellar association in simultaneous presence of organic salts/additives

Viscosity measurements under Newtonian flow conditions had been performed on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous solutions in the combined presence of sodium salts of aromatic acids (sodium salicylate, NaSal; sodium benzoate, NaBen; sodium anthranilate, NaAn) and organic additives (1-hexanol, C₆OH; n-hexylamine, C₆NH₂) at 30°C. On addition of C₆OH or C₆NH₂, the viscosity of 25 mM CTAB solution remained nearly constant without salt as well as with a lower salt concentration. This is due to low CTAB concentration which is not sufficient to produce structural changes in this concentration range of salts. However, as the salt concentration was increased further, the effect of C₆OH/C₆NH₂ addition was different with different salts: The viscosity first increased; then a decrease was observed with the former while with C₆NH₂ a decrease followed by constancy appeared in plots of relative viscosities (η _r ) vs. organic additive concentrations. At further higher salt concentration, the magnitude of η _r was much higher. The viscosity increase is explained in terms of micellar growth and the decrease in terms of swollen micelle formation (due to interior solubilization of organic additive) or micellar disintegration (due to formation of water + additive pseudophase).     

疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺溶液性质研究

用粘度法和核孔膜过滤法研究了实验室自制相对分子质量约1000万的疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAP)溶液的缔合效应,用粘度计考察了电解质浓度、温度和剪切速率对HAP溶液表观粘度的影响,并与相同测试条件下相对分子质量为1770万的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺3530进行对比。结果表明:HAP溶液在70℃的高温和矿化度为5727的高盐条件下,在1000mg/kg附近存在一临界缔合浓度,在临界缔合浓度以上,HAP溶液粘度迅速增加;而3530不存在临界缔合浓度,粘度增加缓慢。浓度为1250mg/kg的HAP溶液通过核孔膜20mL的过滤时间是347.3min,而相同浓度下3530的过滤时间仅为2.1min。浓度为1000mg/kg的HAP溶液即使在矿化度为30000、70℃的高温、30r/min转速的条件下,粘度仍达到32.8mPa·s,而聚合物3530的粘度仅有4.11mPa·s;当剪切速率增加到140r/min、温度为70℃,用矿化度为5727的模拟采出水配制的HAP溶液的粘度为9.21mPa·s,而3530溶液的粘度仅5.18mPa·s。HAP具有良好的耐温抗盐抗剪切能力。     

玉米黄粉酶解液在黄原胶发酵生产应用的研究

以玉米黄粉酶解液为氮源应用于黄原胶发酵培养基，探讨了蛋白酶种类、玉米黄粉酶解液添加量和酶添加量等因素对其发酵黄原胶粘度和产胶率的影响，并优化了复配氮源的种类及其复配比例。结果表明，碱性蛋白酶水解液作为氮源发酵黄原胶的粘度和产胶率优于其它蛋白酶解液；当酶解液添加量为6%、碱性蛋白酶添加量为8kU时，发酵黄原胶的粘度和产胶率可以达到4235cp和24.4g/L。大豆蛋白与玉米黄粉酶解液复配效果优于与棉籽粉、豆粕粉、花生粉的复配；玉米黄粉酶解液与大豆蛋白复配比为3:7时，发酵黄原胶的粘度和产胶率可以达到5833cp和32.4g/L，与单独以大豆蛋白为氮源无明显差异。本研究为提高玉米黄粉资源利用率、降低黄原胶的发酵生产成本提供了新思路。     

提高PVC糊树脂质量小结

叙述了降低PVC糊树脂产品中氯乙烯残留量、稳定糊黏度的措施。通过改进，提高了产品质量。     

Preparation of glycol derivatives of partially hydrogenated soybean oil fatty acids and their potential as lubricants

Glycol diesters and mixtures of mono- and diesters have been prepared from methyl esters of partially hydrogenated soybean oil fatty acids and diethylene, dipropylene, neopentyl and triethylene glycols. The catalyst used in these reactions was a mixture of calcium acetate/barium acetate (3∶1, w/w). The reactions were carried out under nitrogen with 0.5% catalyst at temperatures in the range of 190–275°C. Borated esters of mixed mono- and diesters were prepared with 0.33 equivalent of boric acid per 1.0 equivalent hydroxyl group on the ester. Refractive indices, viscosities, and flash and fire points were determined for diesters, mixed mono- and diesters, and mixed diesters and borated esters. The viscosities, flash points and fire points indicate that these esters can be used as a component of lubricating oils. Wear-prevention characteristics of mixed diesters and borated esters indicated that they can be used as antifriction additives in lubricating oils. Lecture presented at the joint meeting of the International Society for Fat Research and the American Oil Chemists' Society in Toronto, May 10, 1992.     

Viscoelastic Effects in a Phosphate Glass-Metal Seal

A family of phosphate glasses has been developed with thermal expansion behavior in the elastic range that nearly matches the response of 304 stainless steel. Attempts to make concentric pin-shell seals consistently have yielded fractures between 400° and 300°C during cooling. Elastic stress analyses which neglect glass transitional behavior and utilize constant glassy ("elastic") thermal expansion coefficients predict a residual stress state that is compressive. However, viscoelastic computations which include the effects of structural relaxation during glass transtion show that tensile stresses sufficient to cause failure arise during cooldown of the seal.     

数码辅助方法在毛细管流变仪测量粘度的应用

讨论了传统流变仪测量粘度上存在的问题，提出了改进的方案测量粘度，以减少误差。试验方案主要体现在用数码方法采集数据。     

压力流化床燃烧煤水混合燃料泵送给料技术在国外的研究进展

压力流化床燃烧技术近二十年来在世界上得到很大发展。煤的湿法给料系统具有比干法输送系统更简单，运行调节更可靠等优点。煤水混合物可泵送的水分在２５％左右，煤的粒度一般为０～６ｍｍ，表现为非牛顿的假塑性流体特性，通过级配来达到一定的稳定性和良好输送性能，且流动阻力低，不用添加剂即可实现泵送，它的应用使压力流化床的燃烧制备和输送系统成本大大降低。     

振动剪切作用下聚合物熔体的非仿射网络结构模型——振动参数对聚合物熔体黏性的影响

利用非仿射网络结构本构模型分析了正弦脉动流场中振动参数对聚合物熔体黏性的影响作用，并从缠结密度的概念上来解释其影响规律。