Ionic liquids as electrolytes

Salts having a low melting point are liquid at room temperature, or even below, and form a new class of liquids usually called room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL). Information about RTILs can be found in the literature with such key words as: room temperature molten salt, low-temperature molten salt, ambient-temperature molten salt, liquid organic salt or simply ionic liquid. Their physicochemical properties are the same as high temperature ionic liquids, but the practical aspects of their maintenance or handling are different enough to merit a distinction. The class of ionic liquids, based on tetraalkylammonium cation and chloroaluminate anion, has been extensively studied since late 1970s of the XX century, following the works of Osteryoung. Systematic research on the application of chloroaluminate ionic liquids as solvents was performed in 1980s. However, ionic liquids based on aluminium halides are moisture sensitive. During the last decade an increasing number of new ionic liquids have been prepared and used as solvents. The general aim of this paper was to review the physical and chemical properties of RTILs from the point of view of their possible application as electrolytes in electrochemical processes and devices. The following points are discussed: melting and freezing, conductivity, viscosity, temperature dependence of conductivity, transport and transference numbers, electrochemical stability, possible application in aluminium electroplating, lithium batteries and in electrochemical capacitors.     

Comparison of relative viscosity measurement of polyvinylpyrrolidone in water by glass capillary viscometer and differential dual‐capillary viscometer

The relative viscosity (RV) of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with different molecular weights was measured with a glass capillary viscometer and with a differential dual‐capillary viscometer in water at different concentrations. For the differential dual‐capillary viscometer, RV increases with a decreasing flow rate, especially for high molecular weight PVP at a 1% concentration. A good agreement in the RV between the two methods can be obtained for PVP with different molecular weights and at various concentrations if an appropriate flow rate is selected for the differential dual‐capillary viscometer. Special precaution is needed when using the differential dual‐capillary viscometer to measure the viscosity of a pure solvent. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1312–1315, 2002     

塑料充模流动粘性模型研究

对多种塑料在不同温度下的剪切速率一稳态剪切粘度数据进行Cross粘性模型参数拟合，得到了表征材料粘度的模型参数(B，Tb，τ^*，n)。其拟合效果良好，能较准确地描述塑料熔体在一定剪切速率和温度范围内的粘流特性，为工程计算和塑料熔体模流分析提供了数据支持。结果表明，该方法有较广泛的适用性。     

The Viscosity of cottonseed oil,fractionation solvents and their solutions

Cold fractionation of cottonseed oil is made difficult by the high viscosity of the oil. This study was aimed at demonstrating the effect of solvents on the viscosity of mixtures between 0°C and 25°C with a view to facilitating the fractionation of refined cottonseed oil. The solvents used were acetone, methylethylketone, methylisobutylketone, hexane and heptane. Measurements of viscosity were carried out by means of a capillary viscometer. The ratio of the viscosity of cottonseed oil to that of pure solvents is of the order of 300. The viscosities of solutions of various ratios of solvent to oil (1/3, 1/1, 3/1) are between those of cottonseed oil and the pure solvents. The effect of the solvent/oil ratio overrides that of solvent nature. The effect of solvent in reducing the viscosity of cottonseed oil is by descending order: acetone, hexane, methylethylketone, heptane, methylisobutylketone.     

加成型硅橡胶灌封料流变性能的研究

研究了加成型硅橡胶灌胶封料的注性能。测定了硅橡胶灌封料的粘度，讨论了配制工艺条件及组份对硅橡胶灌封料流变性能的影响，分析了白炭黑在硅橡胶灌封料中的分散状态，实验结果表明，通过改进配制工艺条件，优化组分，可以制备出满足特定需要并具有高流动性的硅橡胶灌封料。     

热处理对照相明胶溶液粘度和分子量分布的影响

本文以四种照相明胶为研究对象，探讨热处理对照相胶胶溶液粘度和分子量分布的影响，实验结果表明，随着加热温度上升，照相明胶溶液粘度下降，数均分子量下降，照相明胶溶液粘度和数均分子量密切相关，照相明胶溶液粘度下降发生的内在原因是数均分子量下降，在本实验条件下，惰胶、活性胶的加热温度不超过７５℃，ＰＡ胶的加热温度不超过６０℃。     

Viscosity aging of poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol: The effect of the resin type and plasticizer type

The viscosity of freshly prepared poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisol increases with time, and this phenomenon is called viscosity aging. The increase is rapid in the beginning and slows down to a quasistable value, but a very slow increase continues. The phenomenon may be a result of either the deagglomeration of agglomerated particles or the dissolution of low‐molecular‐weight PVC into the plasticizer. In this work, two typical commercial resins were used, one containing friable agglomerates and the other containing nonfriable agglomerates. With the friable‐agglomerate resin, about 40% of the initially present agglomerates deagglomerated, whereas the viscosity increased in a week to twice the initial value. With the nonfriable‐agglomerate resin, very fine and very low molecular weight particles, about 3% of all the particles, dissolved into the plasticizer in 2 days. The effect of the plasticizer type on the viscosity aging through deagglomeration was investigated with four plasticizers and three plasticizer blends. The emulsifiers used for polymerization, and retained through drying, affected the aging in the beginning. On the other hand, the viscosity after 1 week was free from the effect of the emulsifier and was affected only by the plasticizer type. With the exception of two blends, the 1‐week viscosity was quantitatively related to the dielectric constant divided by the molecular weight of the plasticizer. For the plasticizer blends, one of the plasticizers could have a dominant effect on the promotion of deagglomeration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 448–464, 2005     

基于多代表点学习的RSKNN分类算法

RSKNN 算法是一种基于变精度粗糙集理论的 k-近邻改进算法,该算法能够保证在一定分类精度的前提下,有效地降低分类的计算量,提高分类效率。但由于 RSKNN 算法只是简单地将每个类中的样本划分成一个核心和边界区域,并没有根据数据集本身的特点进行划分,因而存在极大的局限性。针对存在的问题,提出一种多代表点学习算法,运用结构风险最小化理论对影响分类模型期望风险的因素进行分析,并使用无监督的局部聚类算法学习优化代表点集合。在UCI公共数据集上的实验表明,该算法比RSKNN算法具有更高的分类精度。     

复配菌对原油除蜡降黏效果分析

为提高含蜡原油流动性能,从辽河油田附近经受原油污染的土壤中筛选出两株原油降解菌。经过16S rRNA基因序列比对鉴定,菌株为纤维微菌属(Cellulosimicrobiumsp.)和假单孢菌(Pseudomonassp.),命名为7#和12#。将筛选出的7#菌与12#菌优化复配使用,研究结果表明:复配菌对液体石蜡有乳化效果,当复配菌体积比为1∶1时,乳化率最高达到77.5%;最适的生长温度为35～40℃,p H=6～8,最佳接种量(体积分数)为4%,复配菌体积比为1∶1,且培养基在初始pH,即pH=7时复配菌生长状态最佳。复配菌在37℃,pH=7条件下对原油处理7 d后,除蜡率为61.32%,降黏率达到31.58%;显微镜观察蜡晶变小,进一步说明菌株能够降解石蜡,破坏蜡晶结构,提高含蜡原油的流动性能。     

Effect of time/temperature treatment parameters on depolymerization of chitosan

Depolymerization of the biopolymer chitosan by an autoclaving process at 121°C and 15 psi was investigated using various treatments. Acetic acid was found to be the most effective solvent in decreasing chitosan viscosity among the six organic acids tested. The rate of viscosity decrease increased with increasing chitosan concentration. The viscosity of 1% chitosan in 1% acetic acid decreased rapidly to 91% of the initial viscosity following the initial 15 min of autoclaving. This decreased gradually to 93% and 94% in 30 and 60 min, respectively, without being adversely affected by the chitosan solution volume. The degree of deacetylation was comparable before and after autoclaving for 60 min. Chitosan at three molecular weights (M_r = 1597, 1110, and 789 kDa) decreased in molecular weight by 46%–51% in the 15‐min treatment, 55%–60% in the 30‐min treatment, and 60%–62% in the 60‐min treatment. The addition of 0.1%–1.0% (v/v) concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to the chitosan solution autoclaved for 15 min decreased viscosity by 94%–98% and molecular weight by 69%–83%. This process is a simple, timesaving, homogeneous depolymerization procedure, and it is possible to prepare partially hydrolyzed chitosan with specified molecular weights by regulating the time of treatment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1890–1894, 2003