High-performance carbon counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells

Here, we reported that a new carbon electrode prepared with an activated carbon was superior to a Pt sputtered electrode as the counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. The photovoltaic performance was largely influenced by the roughness factor of carbon electrode. The open-circuit voltage increased by about 60 mV using the carbon counter electrode compared to the Pt counter electrode because of positive shift of the formal potential for I₃⁻/I⁻ couple.     

Thermal Stability of the Pigments Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, Safflor Yellow B, and Precarthamin from Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

ABSTRACT Three major yellow pigments were isolated from safflower petals ( Carthamus tinctorius ) and characterized as hydroxysafflor yellow A (1), safflor yellow B (2), and precarthamin (3) by ¹H-NMR, ¹H-¹H COSY, ¹³C-NMR, HMQC, and HMBC spectral analysis. Thermal degradation reactions of 3 yellow pigments 1 to 3 at temperatures of 70 to 90 °C were carried out at different pH levels within the range of 3.0 to 10.0 by UV-vis spectral measurements. First-order reaction kinetics was observed for the degradation of safflower yellow pigments (1 to 3) at pH 3.0 and 5.0. Activation energies of thermal degradation of 1-3 at pH 5.0 were calculated as 17.0, 15.4, and 20.1 kcal/mol, respectively. At neutral and alkaline conditions, yellow pigments 1-3 did not follow simple first-order kinetics.     

稀散金属镓锗在选冶回收过程中的富集行为分析

凡口铅锌矿稀散金属镓锗主要是以类质同像形式存在于闪锌矿中，如何有效地综合回收镓锗是凡口矿建矿以来研究的主要课题之一。针对凡口矿综合回收稀散金属镓锗的历史、现状与进展，重点研究了镓锗在选矿回收和湿法冶炼过程中的富集行为及走向，为开发镓锗综合回收新技术提供理论指导，从而提高企业经济效益。     

论薄板坯连铸连轧产品质量优势

通过对薄板坯连铸连轧工艺的分析，深入研究了其产品的质量优势，同时还指出了在产品生产过程中需要重点注意解决的一些问题。     

高温合金表面激光熔敷热障涂层组织结构与氧化性能

采用 5KW连续CO2 激光器对Ni基高温合金上二次重熔NiCoCrAlY和ZrO2 陶瓷层进行了研究。结果表明 :激光快速熔化和凝固获得定向外延生长、紧密堆积的柱状晶氧化锆陶瓷层。NiCoCrAlY结合层与柱状晶之间存在氧化铝层 ,保证了柱状晶与NiCoCrAlY层的联结。扫描电镜和电子探针联合分析发现 ,氧化锆层与NiCoCrAlY结合层、结合层与基体间均为冶金结合。采用化学改性氧化锆消除了涂层裂纹。高温氧化性能测试得出激光重熔试样氧化动力学近似地遵守抛物线速率方程。在 12 0 0℃ ,空气下激光熔敷TBCs 抗氧化性明显高于等离子喷涂TBCs。     

一种中温C/C复合材料抗氧化涂层的制备及其性能

制备了一种工作温度约1 173 K的C/C复合材料抗氧化复合涂层,它由磷酸盐过渡层和陶瓷相阻挡层构成,通过与单一陶瓷相涂层的对比试验研究了它的抗氧化机理。涂覆有该复合涂层的C/C复合材料试样,在空气中1 173 K时氧化10 h的失重率为11.25％,氧化失重率为9.84×10~(-5)g/(cm~2·min),而且其氧化失重率随氧化时间延长而降低;4 h内经过30次从1 173 K至室温急冷急热循环后,失重率为6.38％,涂层基本完好,说明涂层在温度不超过1 173 K时具有良好的抗氧化性和抗热震性。该种涂层适合于中温下C/C复合材料的抗氧化保护。     

一种二维梯度电极模型的表面热应力缓和设计

针对一种侧面和一端的成分呈梯度变化的圆柱体电极模型进行了热应力缓和优化设计。模型材料成分是金属Cu和NiFe2O4尖晶石陶瓷。采用混合律定律确定材料组分．性质关系，利用ansys有限元分析软件计算了从300K(零应力状态)升温到1300K时模型表面的热应力，分析了层数n、成分指数p以及锥角θ对模型表面热应力分布的影响。结果表明：层数n主要影响应力曲线的光滑程度，层数增加，曲线变得平滑；成分指数p是热应力缓和设计的关键，指数越小，应力越小；锥角θ的增加也可缓和热应力，但作用不如成分指数。     

退火炉保护气氛的安全控制

钟罩室退火护采用微压氢气作为保护气体，炉内压力的监控是保证安全生产不可忽视的必要手段，该文针对该公司选用的国产钟罩式退火护作了简要介绍，对国产钟罩式退火炉压力监控系统作了分析，指出了存在的缺陷，提出了改进措施。     

Empirical assessment of a threshold model for sylvatic plague.

Plague surveillance programmes established in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, during the previous century, have generated large plague archives that have been used to parameterize an abundance threshold model for sylvatic plague in great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) populations. Here, we assess the model using additional data from the same archives. Throughout the focus, population levels above the threshold were a necessary condition for an epizootic to occur. However, there were large numbers of occasions when an epizootic was not observed even though great gerbils were, and had been, abundant. We examine six hypotheses that could explain the resulting false positive predictions, namely (i) including end-of-outbreak data erroneously lowers the estimated threshold, (ii) too few gerbils were tested, (iii) plague becomes locally extinct, (iv) the abundance of fleas was too low, (v) the climate was unfavourable, and (vi) a high proportion of gerbils were resistant. Of these, separate thresholds, fleas and climate received some support but accounted for few false positives and can be disregarded as serious omissions from the model. Small sample size and local extinction received strong support and can account for most of the false positives. Host resistance received no support here but should be subject to more direct experimental testing.