分子生物技术在石油降解微生物研究中的应用

总结了生物法治理石油污染的局限性,介绍了几种在石油降解微生物研究中广泛应用的分子生物技术,并对该研究领域未来的发展趋势进行了预测。     

鲁北平原养鸡场周边包气带与地下水砷化合物分布规律

洛克沙胂(3-硝基-4-羟基苯胂酸)被广泛用作饲料添加剂,但大部分以原体形式随粪便排出,进入环境的洛克沙胂在微生物和光照作用下最终转化为毒性较大的As(V)和As(III)等,并在雨水或农灌的淋滤冲积下污染周边土壤、地表水和地下水。以鲁北平原某养鸡场为研究区,对鸡粪、饲料、周边表层土壤、鸡粪堆积和背景包气带垂向剖面以及地下水进行洛克沙胂及其代谢物的检测,结果饲料中洛克沙胂浓度为34mg/kg,鸡粪中HAPA(3-氨基-4-羟基苯胂酸)浓度为11 mg/kg,距离鸡场越近的表层土壤砷含量越高。三个包气带垂向剖面均以As(V)为主,As(III)含量较小。鸡粪堆积处垂向剖面上HAPA、As(V)和As(III)在土壤表层含量最高,浓度随深度增加而呈下降趋势,同时受到土壤岩性的影响,砷化合物主要的吸附层位为0~30cm与200cm以下;背景包气带垂向剖面上各砷化合物含量均明显低于鸡粪堆积处包气带垂向剖面的砷化合物含量;在鸡场内旧井中检测到浓度为165μg/kg的As(V)。结果证实鸡粪堆积导致土壤包气带、周边土壤和地下水砷含量增加,且这种污染很难消除。     

利用南水北调工程改善济宁水生态环境的措施

通过对济宁市防治水污染技术研究, 提出水污染防治在政策措施上实施治污抓源头, 杜绝不达标排放; 在城市 建设规划上, 把河湖生态湿地建设、 改善居住生活环境与城市建设有机结合; 在河湖治理上, 坚持工程、 生物措施并 举; 在工程管护上, 坚持依法治水。利用南水北调东线工程建设, 实施水污染防治建设, 通过对济宁市水污染防治成 果的阐释, 为今后水污染治理提供成功的经验和做法。     

福泉地区磷化工对清水江的污染及其治理对策

在了解清水江流域自然、社会环境、收集和补充监测清水江水质状况，调查清水江流域氟、磷污染源的基础上，对清水江水环境质量现状进行评价，对清水江氟、磷污染现状、污染来源进行分析，得出明确的结论，提出相应的污染防治对策。     

Phytoplankton as biomonitors: A study of Museum Lake in Government Botanical Garden and Museum,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India

An assessment of the pollution status of Museum Lake in the Thiruvananthapuram Botanical Garden and Museum was conducted. Analysis of different community structures of the planktonic taxa in the lake revealed it is organically polluted, attributable to the organic litter from riparian vegetation. A total of 30 most pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera and 24 pollution‐tolerant species were identified. Pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera in the lake included Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Scenedesmus, Pinnularia, Euglena, Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, Crucigenia, Kirchneriella, Merismopedia and Oscillatoria were some of the phytoplankton pollution tolerant genera whereas, Nitzschia palea, Synedra acus, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Pandorina morum and Trachelomonas volvocina were some of the pollution tolerant species noted. Excessive nutrient loading from the surrounding area is definitely degrading the quality of this urban lake ecosystem. Detailed information regarding the pollution status of a waterbody is very important in this regard, noting it ultimately assists in undertaking proper management of a waterbody. The Palmer Algal Index score for Museum Lake was 37, indicating it is highly organic enriched. The results of different algal indices (e.g. Chlorophycean Index; Nygaard Index) indicated a eutrophic condition for Museum Lake, being attributed to its increased organic enrichment. Canonical correspondence analysis between environmental variables and the microalgal bioindicators also highlighted the influence of the physical and chemical parameters on phytoplankton abundance and distribution in Museum Lake.     

环境保护与汽车涂装

叙述了与汽车涂装相关的国际环保法规及汽车涂装的公害,重点介绍了汽车用环保型涂料、5R活动和3C1B涂装技术等环保达标措施.     

仿生学在涂料开发中的应用

简要介绍了仿生学研究的基本情况及其在海洋防污涂料、建筑涂料、伪装隐身涂料等中的应用发展概况。     

Breakthrough and Sulfate Conversion Analysis during Removal of Sulfur Dioxide by Calcium Oxide Sorbents

Sorption of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) was carried out on calcium‐based sorbents under dynamic conditions in a fixed bed. The experimental conditions were reaction temperature (700 to 1000°C), SO₂ concentration (1000‐10 000 ppm), sorbent particles size (1 to 2 mm) and the types of sorbents (hydroxide or carbonate). The sorption process was found to be effective at low concentration levels (less than 10 000 ppm) as the breakthrough time significantly decreased with increase in concentration. The maximum removal of SO₂ was observed at a reaction temperature of 950°C. The hydroxide‐based sorbents of relatively smaller particle size were found to exhibit superior sorption performance in terms of longer breakthrough time and higher sulfate conversion. A mathematical model developed, assuming a porous structure of the sorbent materials, attributed the low sulfation conversion during SO₂ sorption due to a pore diffusion mechanism.     

环境砷污染及其治理技术发展趋势

本文阐述了砷的毒性以及其引起的环境污染,并详细说明了国内砷污染的现状,随后总结了砷污染防治的方法,及砷污染的主要对策——生物法。生物法是一种环境友好的方法,它包括微生物法和植物法以及微生物和植物联合修复法。其中利用微生物和植物联合修复法具有很好的发展前景,是未来治理受砷污染的水体和土壤的主要方法。     

Removal of chromium (VI) from dilute aqueous solutions by activated carbon developed from Terminalia arjuna nuts activated with zinc chloride

Different structured activated carbons were prepared from Terminalia arjuna nuts, an agricultural waste, by chemical activation with zinc chloride for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from dilute aqueous solutions. The most important parameter in chemical activation was found to be the chemical ratio (activating agent/precursor, g/g). Carbonization temperature and time are the other two important variables, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. A high surface area of was obtained at a chemical ratio of 300%, carbonization time and temperature of 1 h and 500 °C, respectively. The activated carbon developed shows substantial capability to adsorb Cr(VI) from dilute aqueous solutions. The parameters studied include pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentrations. The kinetic data were best fitted to the Lagergren pseudo-first-order model. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum removal of chromium was obtained at pH 1.0 (about 99% for adsorbent dose of 2 g/l and 10 mg/l initial concentration).