Crossflow microfiltration of gum arabic solutions: Comparison of the classical system with the co-current permeate flow system

Gum arabic is a natural gum exuded mainly by the trees Acacia senegal , currently used in the food industries for its emulsifying, thickening and stabilizing properties. Its present processing includes various operations providing a quite turbid product. Crossflow microfiltration could be interesting for the clarification and the cold-pasteurization of the gum arabic solutions. Several experiments were therefore made with the crossflow microfiltration unit at ENSIA, using two different systems: the classical one (without permeate circulation), and the co-current permeate flow system (CCPF) allowing the exploration of the low transmembrane pressures range. With gum arabic solutions of 0.17g solids g⁻¹ solution and 70°C, the best results after 60 min of filtration (105.7 L h⁻¹ m⁻², 4.4% of solids retention and 83.4% of clarification) were obtained with the CCPF system at low transmembrane pressure and high crossflow velocity (0.3 bar and 7.5ms⁻¹).     

核孔膜生产线膜微孔制备工艺实验研究

本文介绍核孔膜生产线,重点描述了膜微孔制备工艺的实验研究。对于PC和PES膜,已得到32种工况下的扩孔公式,其形式为D=A+Bt,其中D——孔径,t——扩孔时间,A,B为特定工艺参数下的常数值.通过实验。得到了膜孔密度N与300~#核反应堆功率P、热柱辐照位置L的经验公式,即N=6.97×10~5×10~3×101~(1.18L).在本生产线上可生产最大幅面为3 140mm×240mm,孔径为0.04～10 μm的多系列多规格的核孔膜产品。     

多变量系统故障诊断和容错控制新方法及其在精馏过程中的应用

本文提出一种多变量系统的故障诊断和容错控制新方法，整个系统由四个神经元组成。将本文方法用于二元精馏塔顶和塔底组分的容错控制，仿真结果证实了本文方法的有效性。该方法可望在难以建模的复杂化工过程中得到应用。     

Asymmetric alumina membranes electrochemically formed in oxalic acid solution

Alumina membranes were fabricated by anodizing aluminium metal in 0.15 M oxalic acid. The growth kinetics of the porous layer were investigated in the temperature range –1 to 16 °C using linear potential scans up to 70 V. The faradaic efficiencies of metal oxidation and of porous layer formation, determined by applying Faraday's law, were found to be independent of both temperature and electrical charge. SEM analysis of the metal-side and solution-side surfaces revealed different morphologies. After dissolution of the barrier layer in phosphoric acid, the metal-side surface showed circular pores whose size of about 90 nm was found to be uniform and independent of temperature. The pore population was also practically independent of temperature and a value of about 4 × 10¹³ pores m^–2 was determined. On the solution-side surface the presence of a deposit partially occluding the mouths of pores was observed. This coating could be removed by chemical etching in NaOH or thermal treatment at 870 °C, where decomposition of oxalate occurs. This supports the hypothesis that the deposit consists of an aluminium salt containing oxalate anions precipitated from the solution. The results show that it is possible to control the morphological characteristics of the anodic alumina membranes by careful choice of experimental conditions.     

能量"三环节"理论在原油蒸馏装置扩能改造中的应用

中国石化扬子石化股份有限公司炼油厂在第一套常减压蒸馏装置扩能改造中，使用了多项节能技术以实现能量的优化利用。本文以标定数据为基础，运用能量“三环节”理论对该装置的用能状况进行了计算和分析，从能量利用角度对装置的扩能改造效果进行了评价，并为装置的进一步优化能量利用提出了相应措施。     

甲烷氧化偶联中钙钛矿催化膜的研究进展

甲烷氧化偶联对充分利用天然气资源具有非常重要的意义 ,以钙钛矿催化膜为核心的催化技术最有希望实现这一过程的工业化。本文介绍了近几年来人们对钙钛矿催化膜的研究成果 ,指出了这一领域今后的发展重点。     

Studies on chitin 3—effect of coagulants and annealing on the preparation and the properties of chitin membrane

Chitin membrane was prepared by casting a N,N-dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone and lithium chloride (DMA-NMP-LiCl)solution of chitin and coagulating with several media. The effect of the coagulants on membrane formation was studied. 2-Propanol was found to be more favourable than methanol, ethanol, acetone and mixtures of 2-propanol and water. The membrane obtained in 2-propanol was subjected to annealing. Annealing made the membrane dense and strong. The tensile strength of the membrane annealed at 145°C for 2hr was about twice that of an unannealed membrane. The solute permeability of the annealed membranes was lower than that of the original one. These phenomena could be clearly interpreted in terms of crystallinity.     

常减压蒸饱装置几起典型硫腐蚀事例分析

随着高（含）硫原油加工量的增加,硫腐蚀事故也时有发生。通过对常减压装置硫腐蚀事例进行分析,指出合理的混炼比,加强“一脱三注”管理,材料升级和实施腐蚀监测是防止腐蚀事故发生的有效措施。     

Evaluation of a two-temperature control structure for a two-reactant/two-product type of reactive distillation column

Several different control structures have been proposed for reactive distillation columns. The appropriate control structure depends on the flowsheet and on the type of reactions occurring in the column. If two reactants are involved and if it is desirable to operate the process without any excess of reactant, it is necessary to manage the fresh feed streams so that the stoichiometry is exactly balanced. A composition analyzer that measures an internal composition in the column is often required. However, if two products are produced, it is possible to avoid the use of an analyzer by using two temperatures in the column to adjust the two feed streams. This type of structure was proposed by Roat et al. [Roat, S., Downs. J., Vogel, E., Doss, J., 1986. Integration of rigorous dynamic modeling and control system synthesis for distillation columns. In: Chemical Process Control—CPC III. Elsevier, Amsterdam.] for the ideal reaction A+B↔C+D in one of the earliest papers dealing with reactive distillation control.The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of this two-temperature control structure for various column designs (number of reactive stages) to quantify the impact of design on controllability. We also discuss the issues of the selection of the trays whose temperatures are to be controlled and the tuning of the two interacting temperature controllers. Disturbances in production rate and fresh feed compositions are made to examine the rangeability of this control structure. Both an ideal reaction system and the methyl acetate system are studied. One of the main conclusions is that the locations of the temperature control trays should be made such that the two temperature controllers both have direct action (an increase in temperature increases feed), which requires negative openloop process gains for both loops.     

多组分间歇精馏工艺计算探讨

介绍用“微元时段”计算多组分间歇精馏的方法。