Kinetically Accelerating Elementary Steps via Bridged Ru-H State for the Hydrogen-Evolution in Anion-Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer

Designing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts for facilitating its sluggish adsorption kinetics is crucial in generating green hydrogen via sustainable water electrolysis. Herein, a high-performance ultra-low Ruthenium (Ru) catalyst is developed consisting of atomically-layered Ru nanoclusters with adjacent single Ru sites, which executs a bridging-Ru-H activation strategy to kinetically accelerate the HER elementary steps. Owing to its optimal electronic structure and unique adsorption configuration, the hybrid Ru catalyst simultaneously displayed a drastically reduced overpotential of 16 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² as well as a low Tafel slope of 35.2 mV dec⁻¹ in alkaline electrolyte. When further coupled with a commercial IrO₂ anode catalyst, the ensembled anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer achievs a current density of 1.0 A cm⁻² at a voltage of only 1.70 V_cell. In situ spectroscopic analysis verified that Ru single atom and atomically-layered Ru nanoclusters in the hybrid materials play a critical role in facilitating water dissociation and weakening *H adsorption, respectively. Theoretical calculations further elucidate the underlaying mechanism, suggesting that the dissociated proton at the single atom Ru site orients itself adjacently with Ru nanoclusters in a bridged structure through targeted charge transfer, thus promoting Volmer-Heyrovsky dynamics and boosting the HER activity.     

Interfacial Proton Supply/Filtration Regulates the Dynamics of Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: A Perspective

As a promising energy carrier, ammonia synthesis by electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) is a promising green and low-carbon ammonia synthesis strategy that can replace the traditional Haber–Bosch process. However, the development of eNRR processes is mainly severely constrained by competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the corresponding strategies to inhibit this adverse side reaction to obtain high eNRR selectivity are still limited. In addition, for this complex reaction involving gas–liquid–solid three-phase interface and proton/electron transfer, it is great significance to analyze and summarize the existing inhibition HER strategies from the viewpoint of dynamics. In view of this, this work reviews proton supply/filtration regulation strategy in catalytic system, allowing a systematic survey of the literature focusing on interface membrane regulation (inorganic membrane and organic membrane), electrolyte regulation (metal-mediated strategy and electrolyte ion regulation strategy) and system device design (electrode structure design and electrolytic cell device design). Constructive catalytic system design guidance is also suggested to inhibit hydrogen evolution and improve NH₃ selectivity, aiming for scalable and economically feasible applications.     

基于离子液体的乙腈-乙醇-水共沸体系节能分离

乙腈生产过程中产生的乙腈-乙醇-水物系,由于在常压下产生了3种二元共沸物和1种三元共沸物,采取常规精馏无法对物系进行有效分离,因此基于COSMO-SAC理论对具有应用潜力的4种离子液体进行筛选,选定1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯([DMIM][DMP])作为分离乙腈-乙醇-水物系的适宜萃取剂,并利用σ-谱图对离子液体与该物系的作用机理进行分析;采用Aspen Plus软件建立了基于离子液体分离乙腈-乙醇-水物系的萃取精馏流程。以年度总费用(TAC)最低为优化目标,并将CO₂排放成本计入目标函数中进行流程优化。在此基础上,为了更有效节能,进一步设计优化了热泵精馏萃取分离流程。最终热泵精馏流程TAC比常规流程降低16.82%,CO₂排放费用减少了23.35%。     

轻汽油催化蒸馏深度醚化技术的工业应用

介绍了首套采用国内自主催化蒸馏模块技术的500kt/a催化裂化轻汽油醚化装置的应用情况,结果表明:醚化反应器C5活性烯烃转化率达到73.37%,远高于设计保证值60%;装置整体的C5活性烯烃转化率为93.42%,达到设计保证值93%;C6活性烯烃转化率也高达65.65%,醚化效果良好;经醚化装置处理后,轻汽油的辛烷值(RON)提高2.6个单位,烯烃体积分数从68.2%降至29.2%,降幅达39.0百分点,轻汽油饱和蒸气压降低35.3kPa,醚化工艺可以有效降低汽油的烯烃含量、蒸气压并提高其辛烷值,有利于提高全厂高标号汽油的比例,每年可将60kt的甲醇转化为汽油组分,经济效益显著。     

常减压原油混炼装置的多目标协同优化

本文基于遗传算法开发了一套多目标协同优化策略,用以优化运行中的常减压原油混炼装置,同步优化了其经济效益、加热炉能耗和二氧化碳排放量三个目标函数,并且研究了三个目标函数之间的相互关系。本次研究通过软件集成实现优化算法的运行,当计算出最大经济效益、最小加热炉能耗和最小二氧化碳排放量时,即获得了Pareto解集,从而解决了炼厂的实际问题。优化结果表明,在维持现有加热炉负荷和二氧化碳排放量的基础上,通过调节原油混炼比,经济效益仍有较大的增长趋势。     

常压蒸馏装置原油换热网络优化与板式换热器的应用

介绍了中国石化集团资产经营管理有限公司巴陵石化分公司常压蒸馏装置异地改造在原油换热网络优化与板式换热器等方面的应用。通过运用"窄点"技术重新优化原油与常压侧线馏分的换热顺序,充分利用常压渣油、常三线等高温位热源的梯级取热,并在窄点换热部位采用高效板式换热器等措施,使换热网络优化后总换热面积减少41%,原油换热终温提高9℃,板式换热器热物流进口和冷物流出口的最小温差达到6℃。生产运行结果表明本次常压蒸馏装置原油换热网络的设计及板式换热器的选用是成功的,换热终温提高可节约燃料干气0.439kg/t(原油),每年节省燃料气费用约150万元,经济效益明显。     

克拉玛依石化Ⅰ套蒸馏装置换热网络优化

介绍了中国石油克拉玛依石化公司Ⅰ套蒸馏装置换热网络优化方案及实施情况。通过利用国外先进的模拟优化软件和技术,并采用夹点技术对换热网络进行了优化分析,从而形成了投资效益比较高的优化方案。通过优化方案的实施,装置未新增任何设备,只调整了运行工艺参数,使装置0.6 MPa蒸汽增产2 t/h,降低电负荷17.5 k W,降低热负荷895.5 k W,每年节能效益44.20万元,约占改造前成本的1.03%,节能效果显著。     

微波辐射对细胞膜通透性的影响

本实验通过电镜镧细胞化学方法，观察了微波辐射对生物样品细胞膜通透性的影响。在常规化学固定的情况下，镧颗粒沿细胞间隙密集分布而不能进入细胞内。生物样品经微波辐射后，在细胞内甚至在线粒体等细胞器内可观察到较多的镧颗粒。提示：微波辐射使生物膜的通透性发生了改变。     

Azeotrope formation in gasoline–ethanol blends. Part 1 – Impact of nonionic on E10 distillation curve

Blending 10?vol% of ethanol into hydrocarbon base gasoline (HBG) increases significantly the vapour pressure of the blend (E10), and exhibits near-azeotrope behaviour that severely affects the shape of E10 distillation curve. The distillation curves of HBG and E10 fuel blend, were constructed using ASTM D86 distillation data, and the areas under each distillation curve, were calculated through the numerical trapezoid rule (NTR) and calculus definite integration (CDI) methods. Consequently, the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF), was estimated. In this paper, we present the impact of small concentration of nonionic surfactant on the area under distillation curve (AUDC) of E10 fuel blend and the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF). Also, the influences of the added surfactant on the volatility criteria of the investigated E10 fuel blend were discussed.     

催化精馏合成N-异丙基苯胺

在Joback基团贡献法估算反应的G ibbs函数的基础上,得到了异丙醇与苯胺合成N-异丙基苯胺的平衡常数与反应温度的关系式。研究了回流比、异丙醇与苯胺的摩尔比、塔釜操作温度、苯胺进料口位置距塔顶的距离对异丙醇与苯胺催化精馏合成N-异丙基苯胺的影响,确定了适宜的工艺条件:回流比2.5~3.5、异丙醇与苯胺的摩尔比1.5、塔釜操作温度223℃、苯胺进料口位置距塔顶300~400mm。在优化条件下,苯胺的转化率可达到99%,N-异丙基苯胺的选择性可达到99.5%,N-异丙基苯胺的质量分数可稳定在98.8%以上。