Aqueous and nonaqueous microemulsion systems with a palm oil-base emollient

Microemulsions with a palm oil-based emollient, i.e., medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and water or glycerol, stabilized by two oppositely charged ionic surfactants and a medium-chain alcohol, were investigated. The results showed that only the water-in-MCT or the glycerol-in-MCT microemulsions were prominent. The maximum solubilization of the MCT emollient was higher in cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, i.e., the positively charged surfactant that contained a nitrogen atom, than the negatively charged surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, the results did not lend themselves for selecting any decisive factor that would explain the different solubilization behavior encountered in the investigated aqueous and nonaqueous systems.     

微乳液萃取分离镍和钻的研究

对曲拉通X-100、正丁醇、正庚烷、水、P204、NaOH微乳液体系进行萃取分离钴和镍的研究。确定了萃取分离钴和镍的最佳工艺条件,在此条件下,钴的萃取率高达87．4％,而钴只有10．87％,镍钴离子浓度的最佳分离范围为1：2．5—1：4,镍和钴的分离效果令人满意。     

微乳液相色谱法测定他汀类药物

以微乳液相色谱法分离测定普伐他汀钠、阿托伐他汀钙、辛伐他汀和洛伐他汀.考察了微乳液组成表面活性剂质量分数、油相质量分数、助表面活性剂质量分数以及pH值等对他汀类药物分离测定的影响,确定最佳的色谱条件.实验结果表明:等梯度微乳液相色谱具有较强的同时快速分离疏水性差异较大的混合物的能力.该方法具有操作简便、快速,准确性和重现性好等特点.对四种制剂供试品多次测定,普伐他汀钠、阿托伐他汀钙、辛伐他汀和洛伐他汀的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.39％,0.45％,0.053％和0.25％.加入回收率分别为97.8％～101.2％,101.5％～102.7％,97.7％～101.9％和98.7％～101.9％.     

反胶团微乳液制备纳米粒子的研究进展

反胶团微乳液制备纳米粒子已经引起人们的广泛关注,介绍了该微粒液的特点以及反胶团微乳液法制备纳米粒子的原理、实验室制备过程并讨论了影响粒径及其分布的有关因素。     

超高相对分子质量聚乙烯纤维粘合涂层用水乳型聚丙烯酸酯微乳液的合成

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、丙烯酸(AA)及丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)为单体,以十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)、OP-10和正辛醇的复合物为乳化剂,当m(BA)∶m(MMA)∶m(AA)∶m(HEA)=50∶50∶3∶10、w(乳化剂)=13%、反应温度为80℃及反应时间为3h时,合成了可用于超高相对分子质量聚乙烯纤维粘合涂层的水乳型聚丙烯酸酯微乳液,单体转化率为99 8%,乳胶粒径为30nm,乳液膜的玻璃化温度为-28℃,应用工艺简单,涂层粘附性好、柔软、耐磨。     

15%三唑磷微乳剂配方研制及其田间药效

采用反相法研制15%三唑磷微乳剂,所得制剂在54℃下热贮14d分解率小于5%,室温下2a分解率小于5%,透明区域为-30~100℃,稀释稳定性及低温稳定性合格,药效优于20%三唑磷乳油。     

光活性体N-马来酰基-L-丙氨酸/苯乙烯的合成

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,在微乳液中合成了具有旋光性的N-马来酰基-L-丙氨酸(AMI)与苯乙烯(St)的共聚物。用元素分析法测定了共聚物内氮摩尔分数,从而确定了共聚物摩尔组成与单体配比之间的关系,进而计算出AMI与St的竞聚率分别是0．05,0．10,并计算出相应的AMI单体活性值为1．59、AMI单体极性值为1.50,讨论了共聚物旋光性的成因以及旋光性共聚物的结构。结果表明,该共聚物具有交替共聚合的倾向。     

The characteristic curvature (Cc) definition and its use in assessing Cc for single ionic surfactants

The hydrophilic–lipophilic-difference (HLD) is a set of empirical equations that correlate the formulation conditions at phase inversion (HLD = 0). Based on partition studies for nonionic surfactants, the HLD can be interpreted as a normalized chemical potential difference between the surfactant dissolved in water and oil. The net-average curvature (NAC) model extrapolates this interpretation into a curvature form that has been used to fit and predict the phase behavior of surfactant-oil–water (SOW) systems. The curvature interpretation led to renaming the HLD surfactant parameter, sigma (σ), as the characteristic curvature (Cc). This work tests the validity of the curvature interpretation of the HLD, and the Cc concept, for single ionic surfactants and the use of this concept as a method to assess the Cc without the use of reference surfactants or alcohols. To this end, the net curvature of six anionic and two cationic surfactants was evaluated from solubilization data at the characteristic condition of 25°C, no added cosolvent, in the presence of an oil mixture with equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of zero, and as a function of salinity. These studies showed that the original HLD equation for ionic surfactant could not be interpreted as chemical potential or curvature because a salinity prefactor (coefficient) “bi” was missing. The revised equation, HLD_bi = bi∙ln(S)-k_bi∙EACN+Cc_bi -a_Tbi∙(T-25°C), could now be interpreted as a curvature expression, and it was demonstrated that Cc could be obtained from curvature using the expression Cc = Cc_bi/bi. This single surfactant method produces uncertainties that, for most surfactants, ranged from 0.2 to 1 Cc units, similar to the uncertainty obtained with the conventional method of Cc determination using mixtures of test and reference surfactants.     

Phase stability,fuel properties,and diesel engine performance of palm-oil-based microemulsion biofuels

Microemulsification and blending are two viscosity-modifying techniques of vegetable oils for direct use with diesel engine. In this study, alcohol blends are mixtures of ethanol, diesel, and palm-oil biodiesel while microemulsion biofuels are thermodynamically stable, clear, and single-phase mixtures of diesel, palm oil, and ethanol stabilized by surfactants and cosurfactants. Although there are many studies on biofuels lately, there is limited research on using biodiesel as a surfactant in microemulsion formulations and applied on engine performance at different engine loads. Therefore, the objectives are to investigate phase stability and fuel properties of formulated biofuels (various blends and microemulsions), to determine the engine performance at different engine loads (no load, and from 0.5 to 2.0 kW), and to estimate laboratory-scale cost of the selected biofuels compared to diesel and biodiesel. The results showed that phase stability and fuel properties of selected microemulsion biofuels are comparable to diesel and biodiesel. These microemulsion biofuels can be applied to the diesel engine at different loads while diesel-ethanol blends and palm-oil-biodiesel-ethanol blends cannot be. It was found that the energy efficiencies of the system using microemulsion biofuels were slightly lower than the average energy efficiency of diesel engine. From this study, it can be summarized that microemulsion biofuels can be formulated using palm-oil biodiesel (palm-oil methyl ester) as a bio-based surfactant and they can be considered as environmentally-friendly alternatives to diesel and biodiesel. However, cost considerations showed that the raw materials should be locally available to reduce additional costs of microemulsion biofuels.     

苯乙烯微乳液聚合的正交试验研究

首先研究了苯乙烯微乳液聚合过程中单体含量、乳化剂和助乳化剂配比和用量以及聚合温度对体系的黏度、凝聚率、粒径及其分布的影响,然后通过四因素三水平正交试验分析了苯乙烯／正戊醇／阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）体系微乳液的性能。研究结果表明：乳化剂用量对微乳液粒径的作用比助乳化剂用量更为明显,反应温度提高增加了单体转化率,但是提高了凝聚率;根据正交实验结果综合分析,当苯乙烯用量为34％、乳化剂用量为5％、助乳化剂用量为1％、聚合温度为65℃时,可以得到性能最好的微乳液。