微胶囊红磷和聚苯醚对高抗冲聚苯乙烯的协同阻燃作用

利用微胶囊红磷(MRP)和聚苯醚(PPO)来提高高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)的阻燃性能, 通过熔融共混法制备了一系列不同组成的MRP-PPO/HIPS复合材料。采用水平燃烧、垂直燃烧、氧指数、锥形量热分析、高温热分解实验等方法研究了复合材料的阻燃性能。研究表明, 阻燃剂用量相同时, 在HIPS基体中同时加入MRP和PPO得到的复合材料比单独加入MRP或PPO得到的复合材料具有更好的阻燃性能。当MRP-PPO/HIPS的质量比为10:20:70时, 复合材料的氧指数为23.9%, 水平燃烧级别达到FH-1级, 垂直燃烧级别达到FV-0级, 阻燃性能达到最佳。MRP用量过多时, 复合材料的阻燃性能下降。研究认为, PPO和MRP对HIPS具有较强的协同阻燃作用。两者以适当比例并用时能够使复合材料在燃烧时的热释放速率和燃烧热大幅度减小, 降低了气相燃烧区的温度, 起到气相阻燃作用。同时, 复合材料在热分解和燃烧时能够生成连续和致密的炭层, 抑制了燃烧过程中的热量传递和物质交换, 起到凝聚相阻燃作用。因此, 复合材料的阻燃性能显著改善。     

Performance optimization of a photovoltaic/thermal collector using microencapsulated phase change slurry

In a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector, a portion of absorbed solar energy is transformed into electrical energy, and the remaining part is transformed into thermal energy. Increasing waste heat collection and energy conversion rates are important to improve the performance of the PV/T collector. The utilization of microencapsulated phase change slurry (MPCS) in a PV/T collector to cool photovoltaic modules is an effective way, and electrical and thermal performances of the collector are improved. To investigate influences of operating parameters on performances of PV/T collector, numerical simulation is put into effect to analyze influences of the mass fraction of MPCS on the collector performance. The influences of MPCS mass flow rate and collector channel height on collector performances are also studied. When the flow rate is 0.005 kg/s and the channel height is 0.010 m, the PV/T collector obtains the best net efficiency with a MPCS mass concentration of 20 wt%. But electrical efficiency difference between 15 and 20 wt% is not obvious. With the growth in mass fraction, PV temperature drops more and more slowly because outlet fluid has not fully melt. Take PV/T collector performances into consideration, 15 wt% MPCS is a better choice to cool photovoltaic modules.     

Metal Hydride Nanoparticles with Ultrahigh Structural Stability and Hydrogen Storage Activity Derived from Microencapsulated Nanoconfinement

Metal hydrides (MHs) have recently been designed for hydrogen sensors, switchable mirrors, rechargeable batteries, and other energy‐storage and conversion‐related applications. The demands of MHs, particular fast hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics, have brought their sizes to nanoscale. However, the nanostructured MHs generally suffer from surface passivation and low aggregation‐resisting structural stability upon absorption/desorption. This study reports a novel strategy named microencapsulated nanoconfinement to realize local synthesis of nano‐MHs, which possess ultrahigh structural stability and superior desorption kinetics. Monodispersed Mg₂NiH₄ single crystal nanoparticles (NPs) are in situ encapsulated on the surface of graphene sheets (GS) through facile gas–solid reactions. This well‐defined MgO coating layer with a thickness of ≈3 nm efficiently separates the NPs from each other to prevent aggregation during hydrogen absorption/desorption cycles, leading to excellent thermal and mechanical stability. More interestingly, the MgO layer shows superior gas‐selective permeability to prevent further oxidation of Mg₂NiH₄ meanwhile accessible for hydrogen absorption/desorption. As a result, an extremely low activation energy (31.2 kJ mol^–1) for the dehydrogenation reaction is achieved. This study provides alternative insights into designing nanosized MHs with both excellent hydrogen storage activity and thermal/mechanical stability exempting surface modification by agents.     

Microencapsulated dimethyl terephthalate phase change material for heat transfer fluid performance enhancement

Micro‐phase change materials (micro‐PCMs) are proposed to increase the thermal conductivity and the thermal energy storage capacity of a heat transfer fluid (HTF). In this work, we have selected dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) to be used as a PCM for performance enhancement of a synthetic oil in the temperature range of approximately 100 to 170 °C. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) was used as the microencapsulant, because of its desirable properties as containment material, including thermal stability. The SiO₂‐coated DMT micro‐PCM was characterized to determine relevant properties and its suitability for HTF performance enhancement. The SiO₂‐coated DMT was found to completely disperse in the synthetic oil, Therminol SP, silicone oil, at and above 100 °C. FTIR, thermal diffusivity and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were carried out on the materials, and these tests demonstrated that the coated particles can be used for HTF enhancement in the temperature range of 100–170 °C and potentially higher temperatures if pressurized pipes/vessels are utilized. Using the measured thermal diffusivity and known data for density and specific heat capacity, the thermal conductivity of the micro‐PCM was calculated. Our calculations indicate that both the thermal conductivity and the thermal energy storage heat capacity of the HTF would be enhanced by the addition of this micro‐PCM. It is expected that the thermal conductivity increase will enhance the heat transfer of the fluid when in use at temperatures above and below the melting temperature of the PCM. At the melting point, the latent heat of the PCM will increase the thermal energy storage capacity of the fluid. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微胶囊化甜橙油在高温下的释放

对采用β- 环糊精法和乳化喷雾干燥法所制备微胶囊化甜橙油在温度 10 0、12 0、14 0、16 0、180和 2 0 0℃下的释放进行了研究 ,利用Avrami’s公式分析了微胶囊化甜橙油在高温下的释放。结果表明 ,2种不同方法所制备的微胶囊化甜橙油由于其制备原理上的不同而使其在高温下的释放存在着一定的差异。     

乳化剂用量对石蜡微胶囊性能的影响

针对太阳能利用以及一些蓄热场合,选取了熔点合适的石蜡,以脲醛树脂为囊壁,采用原位聚合法制备了石蜡—脲醛树脂微胶囊,拟将此微胶囊添加到上述应用场合的传热流体中,提高传热流体的热容。探讨了乳化剂用量对微胶囊蓄热性能和表观形态的影响,可望为工业化生产应用、开发新的储热材料提供技术指导。     

Recommendations for the viability assessment of probiotics as concentrated cultures and in food matrices

Due to the fact that probiotic cells need to be alive when they are consumed, culture-based analysis (plate count) is critical in ascertaining the quality (numbers of viable cells) of probiotic products. Since probiotic cells are typically stressed, due to various factors related to their production, processing and formulation, the standard methodology for total plate counts tends to underestimate the cell numbers of these products. Furthermore, products such as microencapsulated cultures require modifications in the release and sampling procedure in order to correctly estimate viable counts. This review examines the enumeration of probiotic bacteria in the following commercial products: powders, microencapsulated cultures, frozen concentrates, capsules, foods and beverages. The parameters which are specifically examined include: sample preparation (rehydration, thawing), dilutions (homogenization, media) and plating (media, incubation) procedures. Recommendations are provided for each of these analytical steps to improve the accuracy of the analysis. Although the recommendations specifically target the analysis of probiotics, many will apply to the analysis of commercial lactic starter cultures used in food fermentations as well.     

相变储能材料的制备及其在石膏基体中的应用研究

制备有机-无机复合壁材微胶囊相变储能材料,并与石膏掺混制备相变储能石膏复合材料。研究了不同壁材结构微胶囊和相变储能石膏复合材料的理化性质。结果表明,复合壁材微胶囊相变储能材料中,微胶囊壁材以无机硅为主,兼有少量有机硅组分,可有效防止壁材开裂且提高微胶囊包覆率;复合壁材微胶囊相变储能材料的相变温度和潜热分别为24.57℃和122.8 J/g,粒径为0.5~1.0μm;掺加微胶囊后,由于石膏结晶状态改变,石膏基体凝结时间延长且强度降低,当掺量达到10%时,相变储能石膏复合材料的潜热为16.1 J/g,具备一定的蓄热调温能力。     

相变微胶囊悬浮液的对流换热特性研究进展

相变微胶囊悬浮液是既具有流动性又兼具蓄热能力的功能性流体。相变微胶囊悬浮液在工作过程中涉及复杂的流体流动与传热以及储热过程,近年来成为国内外学者研究的热点。对相变微胶囊悬浮液在圆管、小(微)通道内的对流换热特性进行了综述,重点阐述了国内外学者对于相变微胶囊悬浮液是否能强化对流换热存在的分歧,并提出了自己的分析与看法。分析了圆管与小(微)通道对流换热机理的区别,最后概述了强化相变微胶囊悬浮液对流换热的方法。