Modal logic as metalogic

The goal of this paper is to show how modal logic may be conceived as recording the derived rules of a logical system in the system itself. This conception of modal logic was propounded by Dana Scott in the early seventies. Here, similar ideas are pursued in a context less classical than Scott's.First a family of propositional logical systems is considered, which is obtained by gradually adding structural rules to a variant of the nonassociative Lambek calculus. In this family one finds systems that correspond to the associative Lambek calculus, linear logic, relevant logics, BCK logic and intuitionistic logic. Above these basic systems, sequent systems parallel to the basic systems are constructed, which formalize various notions of derived rules for the basic systems. The deduction theorem is provable for the basic systems if, and only if, they are at least as strong as systems corresponding to linear logic, or BCK logic, depending on the language, and their deductive metalogic is not stronger than they are.However, though we do not always have the deduction theorem, we may always obtain a modal analogue of the deduction theorem for conservative modal extensions of the basic systems. Modal postulates which are necessary and sufficient for that are postulates of S4 plus modal postulates which mimic structural rules. For example, the modal postulates which Girard has recently considered in linear logic are necessary and sufficient for the modal analogue of the deduction theorem.All this may lead towards results about functional completeness in categories. When functional completeness, which is analogous to the deduction theorem, fails, we may perhaps envisage a modal analogue of functional completeness in a modal category, of which our original category is a full subcategory.     

Condensation–cyclization reaction for one-pot synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives by poly(p-phenylenediamine) grafted on LDHs as a catalyst with green tool

The three-component reaction between amine, carbonyl compound and thioglycolic acid is now considered as a major strategy for synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones, which consists of the following steps: (i) condensation of aldehyde and amine which results the formation of an imine; (ii) the reaction between thioglycolic acid and the imine which is followed by an intramolecular cyclization reaction, which leads to the formation of the final product. In this way, if no suitable catalyst is employed, the completion of the reaction will not be achieved. Hence, it is of great importance to select an appropriate catalyst so that these compounds can be successfully synthesized. Herein, we employed LDHs@PpPDA as a versatile catalyst for the fabrication of novel derivatives of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one.     

CO2体积分数对燃煤细颗粒物在水汽环境中凝结长大的影响

为研究燃煤烟气中CO₂体积分数对细颗粒物在水汽环境中凝结长大效果的影响,建立了计算模型并搭建了实验平台,分别从理论计算和实验研究两方面探讨了CO₂体积分数对细颗粒物凝结长大效果的影响。结果表明:随着CO₂体积分数升高,混合烟气的热、质扩散系数均降低,生长管内平均过饱和度增加,细颗粒物长大效果明显;管壁温度越高,随着CO₂体积分数的提高,细颗粒物粒径越大。     

多回路冷凝法技术在聚丙烯装置尾气回收中的应用

陕西延长石油集团炼化公司延安石油化工厂,结合其20万t/a聚丙烯装置实际,自主开发出了一种多回路冷凝装置尾气的回收工艺技术,并成功工业化应用于该装置的3路丙烯尾气的冷凝回收系统。近5年的运行结果表明:经多种措施及操作优化后,该3路冷凝丙烯尾气回收系统,不仅实现了长周期连续平稳、安全运行,还可有效回收丙烯、丙烷分别约为2660,140 t/a。     

考虑寄生参数的隔离型双有源桥DC-DC变换器的开关开路故障分析与容错控制策略

双有源桥(DAB)DC-DC变换器开关管的驱动电路故障导致开关开路故障(OCSF),这使得DAB系统拓扑对称性缺失、高频电压和电流发生畸变和直流偏置,进而对系统的可靠性和长期运行稳定性造成不良影响.对此,研究DAB开关管和高频变压器寄生参数对OCSF后系统运行状态的影响,以完善DAB故障分析体系.针对OCSF问题,提出一种基于对称拓扑和对偶原理的故障容错策略,通过闭锁开关使系统运行拓扑恢复对称,并在此基础上提出一种不改变控制器参数、只需改变控制器输出饱和参数的实用控制方法,并在理论上讨论了该方法的可行性.最后,通过实验验证了OCSF模态分析及所提容错控制策略的正确性.     

Development of Covalent Chitosan-Polyethylenimine Derivatives as Gene Delivery Vehicle: Synthesis,Characterization, and Evaluation

There is an increasing interest in cationic polymers as important constituents of non-viral gene delivery vectors. In the present study, we developed a versatile synthetic route for the production of covalent polymeric conjugates consisting of water-soluble depolymerized chitosan (dCS; M_W 6–9 kDa) and low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI; 2.5 kDa linear, 1.8 kDa branched). dCS-PEI derivatives were evaluated based on their physicochemical properties, including purity, covalent bonding, solubility in aqueous media, ability for DNA condensation, and colloidal stability of the resulting polyplexes. They were complexed with non-integrating DNA vectors coding for reporter genes by simple admixing and assessed in vitro using liver-derived HuH-7 cells for their transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. Using a rational screening cascade, a lead compound was selected (dCS-Suc-LPEI-14) displaying the best balance of biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and transfection efficiency. Scale-up and in vivo evaluation in wild-type mice allowed for a direct comparison with a commercially available non-viral delivery vector (in vivo-jetPEI). Hepatic expression of the reporter gene luciferase resulted in liver-specific bioluminescence, upon intrabiliary infusion of the chitosan-based polyplexes, which exceeded the signal of the in vivo jetPEI reference formulation by a factor of 10. We conclude that the novel chitosan-derivative dCS-Suc-LPEI-14 shows promise and potential as an efficient polymeric conjugate for non-viral in vivo gene therapy.     

铜基形状记忆合金马氏体相变宏观形状应变特征

利用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜等研究了Cu-18Al-9Mn-3.4Zn(摩尔分数,%)形状记忆合金的马氏体晶体结构、亚结构以及马氏体相变宏观形状应变特征.结果表明:该合金的马氏体晶体结构为18R结构,亚结构为层错;单变体马氏体表面浮凸呈"( ) "型,浮凸高度为400～500nm,浮凸宽度为2 000～2 400 nm;多变体马氏体表面浮凸呈"N"型和"山尖"型,浮凸高度为200～400 nm,浮凸宽度为1 000～1 800nm;浮凸角均为8°～12°;马氏体相变符合G-T模型的双切变特征,惯习面为(113)面.     

超薄聚合物表面上滴状冷凝的传热研究

本文采用等离子体聚合和离子束动态混合注入技术在不同的基材(黄铜、紫铜、不锈钢和碳钢)上制备了聚六氟丙烯和聚四氟乙烯的超薄膜,并进行了垂直管外的水蒸汽的滴状冷凝实验。实验发现,对于不同的基材,表面制备的工艺参数对冷凝传热性能及维持滴状冷凝的寿命具有显著的影响。表面性能的测试和估算为预测给定蒸汽在某表面是否成滴提供了依据。     

催化合成高聚合度萘磺酸盐缩合物

用工业萘、硫酸、甲醛为原料,合成出聚合度为16～21的β 萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物。确立了n(甲醛)/n(萘)=0 88～0 90,反应温度(110±5)℃,反应时间3h,催化剂MA用量为萘质量的1%的最佳工艺条件。产品性能测试表明,加入质量分数为0 8%的产品,混凝土减水率可达21%以上,抗压强度可提高60%以上。     

螺旋槽管外含高浓度不凝组分蒸汽冷凝传热研究

分析了含高浓度不凝组分蒸汽在立式螺旋槽管表面强制对流冷凝的传热机理。在不凝性组分体积百分浓度超过９０％时，螺旋槽管的强化传热效果不明显，而含量为４４％～９０％时，螺旋槽管总换热系数比光滑管提高２０％～３５％。