基于双EnKF的土壤水分与土壤属性参数同时估计

为提高土壤水分数据同化结果的精度,将基于双集合卡尔曼滤波(Dual Ensemble Kalman Filter,DEnKF)的状态-参数估计方案与简单生物圈模型(simple biosphere model 2,SiB2)相结合,同时更新土壤水分和优化模型参数(土壤属性参数)。选用2008年6月1日~10月29日黑河上游阿柔冻融观测站为参考站,开展了同化表层土壤水分观测数据的实验。研究结果表明:DEnKF可同时优化土壤属性参数和改进土壤水分估计,该方法对表层土壤水分估计的精度0.04高于EnKF算法的精度0.05。当观测数据稀少时,DEnKF算法仍然可以得到较高精度的土壤水分估计,3层土壤水分的估计精度在0.02~0.05之间。     

Using task migration to improve non-contiguous processor allocation in NoC-based CMPs

In this paper, a processor allocation mechanism for NoC-based chip multiprocessors is presented. Processor allocation is a well-known problem in parallel computer systems and aims to allocate the processing nodes of a multiprocessor to different tasks of an input application at run time. The proposed mechanism targets optimizing the on-chip communication power/latency and relies on two procedures: processor allocation and task migration. Allocation is done by a fast heuristic algorithm to allocate the free processors to the tasks of an incoming application when a new application begins execution. The task-migration algorithm is activated when some application completes execution and frees up the allocated resources. Task migration uses the recently deallocated processors and tries to rearrange the current tasks in order to find a better mapping for them. The proposed method can also capture the dynamic traffic pattern of the network and perform task migration based on the current communication demands of the tasks. Consequently, task migration adapts the task mapping to the current network status. We adopt a non-contiguous processor allocation strategy in which the tasks of the input application are allowed to be mapped onto disjoint regions (groups of processors) of the network. We then use virtual point-to-point circuits, a state-of-the-art fast on-chip connection designed for network-on-chips, to virtually connect the disjoint regions and make the communication latency/power closer to the values offered by contiguous allocation schemes. The experimental results show considerable improvement over existing allocation mechanisms.     

三峡库区城镇移民就业问题分析

随着三峡工程的全面竣工,库区正式进入后续规划时代,库区移民的后期扶持是"后三峡时代"最为关键的问题之一。针对库区发展、城镇移民就业等问题,深入重庆万州、开县等地进行了调研,并在分析了城镇移民就业问题的现状、原因之后,提出了几点应对措施,以期对库区城镇移民的就业问题有所帮助。     

ARDF：一种用于应用迁移的资源描述框架

针对个人用户的应用无缝迁移是普适环境特征之一。此方面现有的工作大多表现为针对某个特定应用的迁移能力,较难满足实际需求。给出了一个具有一定普遍意义的应用资源描述框架,该框架可用于描述与应用相关的系统和用户资源的状态,从而支持需迁移的应用状态的获取和重建。在此基础上,在自行设计和实现的FollowMe普适空间中,实现了一个针对个人Office办公需求的应用迁移示范应用。     

Temporal persistence and stability of surface soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed

Satellite soil moisture products, such as those from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), require diverse landscapes for validation. Semi-arid landscapes present a particular challenge to satellite remote sensing validation using traditional techniques because of the high spatial variability and potentially rapid rates of temporal change in moisture conditions. In this study, temporal stability analysis and spatial sampling techniques are used to investigate the representativeness of ground observations at satellite scale soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed for a long study period (March 1, 2002 to September 13, 2005). The watershed utilized, the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, has a dense network of 19 soil moisture sensors, distributed over a 150 km² study region. In conjunction with this monitoring network, intensive gravimetric soil moisture sampling conducted as part of the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2004 (SMEX04), contributed to the calibration of the network for large-scale estimation during the North American Monsoon System (NAMS). The sensor network is shown to be an excellent estimator of the watershed average with an accuracy of approximately 0.01 m³/m³ soil moisture. However, temporal stability analysis indicated that while much of the network is stable, the soil moisture spatial pattern, as represented by mean relative difference, is not replicated by the network mean relative difference pattern. Rather, the network is composed of statistical samples. Geophysical aspects of the watershed, including topography and soil type are also examined for their influence on the soil moisture variability and stability. Soil type, as characterized by bulk density, clay and sand content, was responsible for nearly 50% of the temporal stability. Topographic effects were less important in defining representativeness and stability.     

Aircraft based soil moisture retrievals under mixed vegetation and topographic conditions

An unresolved issue in global soil moisture retrieval using passive microwave sensors is the spatial integration of heterogeneous landscape features to the nominal 50 km footprint observed by most low frequency satellite systems. One of the objectives of the Soil Moisture Experiments 2004 (SMEX04) was to address some aspects of this problem, specifically variability introduced by vegetation, topography and convective precipitation. Other goals included supporting the development of soil moisture data sets that would contribute to understanding the role of the land surface in the concurrent North American Monsoon System. SMEX04 was conducted over two regions: Arizona — semi-arid climate with sparse vegetation and moderate topography, and Sonora (Mexico) — moderate vegetation with strong topographic gradients. The Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR/CX) was flown on a Naval Research Lab P-3B aircraft as part of SMEX04 (10 dates of coverage over Arizona and 11 over Sonora). Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) was observed in both PSR and satellite-based (AMSR-E) observations at 6.92 GHz over Arizona, but no detectable RFI was observed over the Sonora domain. The PSR estimated soil moisture was in agreement with the ground-based estimates of soil moisture over both domains. The estimated error over the Sonora domain (SEE = 0.021 cm³/cm³) was higher than over the Arizona domain (SEE = 0.014 cm³/cm³). These results show the possibility of estimating soil moisture in areas of moderate and heterogeneous vegetation and high topographic variability.     

Evaluation of AMSR-E soil moisture results using the in-situ data over the Little River Experimental Watershed, Georgia

An operational global soil moisture data product is currently generated from the observations of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) aboard NASA's Aqua satellite using the retrieval procedure described in Njoku and Chan [Njoku, E.G. and Chan, S.K., 2006. Vegetation and surface roughness effects on AMSR-E land observations, remote sensing environment, 100(2), 190-199]. We have generated another soil moisture dataset from the same AMSR-E observed brightness temperature data using the Land Surface Microwave Emission Model (LSMEM) adopting a different estimation method. This paper focuses on a comparison study of soil moisture estimates from the above two methods. The soil moisture data from current AMSR-E product and LSMEM are compared with the in-situ measured soil moisture datasets over the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW), Georgia, USA for the year 2003. The comparison study was carried out separately for the AMSR-E daytime and night time overpasses. The LSMEM method performed better than the current operational AMSR-E retrieval algorithm in this study. The differences between the AMSR-E and LSMEM results are mostly due to differences in various simplifications and assumptions made for variables in the radiative transfer equations and the soil and vegetation based physical models and the accuracy of the input surface temperature datasets for the LSMEM forward model approach. This study confirms that remote sensing data have the potential to provide useful hydrologic information, but the accuracy of the geophysical parameters could vary depending on the estimation methods. It cannot be concluded from this study whether the soil moisture estimation by the LSMEM approach will perform better in other geographic, climatic or topographic conditions. Nevertheless, this study sheds light on the effects of different approaches for the estimation of geophysical parameters, which may be useful for current and future satellite missions.     

基于迁徙差分进化算法集成的模体识别

为了克服微分进化的局部收敛问题,通过模拟游牧民族的迁徙机制,提出一种迁徙策略,将其与差分进化算法相结合,得到一种迁徙差分进化算法新范式,利用集成技术,发挥各种差分进化算法的优点,提高算法的全局搜索能力。通过生物序列模体识别实验,验证了该算法的有效性。     

FTP服务漂移技术的研究及实现

基于服务漂移必须包含的3类状态——初始状态、活动状态和完成状态,提出服务漂移的体系结构,分析服务漂移的实现过程。面临威胁事件时,服务漂移技术能主动或被动地漂移到备份节点,以适应威胁,决定是否漂移。服务漂移对用户是透明的,用户感觉不到服务器的变化。服务飘移只对服务状态进行漂移,可以减少传输数据量、缩短漂移时间。以FTP服务为例实现了服务漂移的原型。     

高性能计算机在地震资料处理中的应用

本文简要介绍了高性能计算机,并描述了石油勘探基本原理和地震资料处理中叠前偏移等应用对高性能计算机在运算量和存储方面的需求,针对地震资料处理中的应用,讨论了高性能计算机几个关键技术的现状并对未来进行展望。实际情况表明,地震资料处理依赖于高性能计算机等信息技术,同时高性能计算机等信息技术也限制着许多地震资料处理新方法新技术的普遍应用。