葵花油、芝麻油和花生油对吡虫啉和阿维菌素增效作用

为探究植物油乳油是否对化学农药有增效作用,试验将葵花油、芝麻油和花生油乳油分别与20%吡虫啉EC和0.5%阿维菌素EC混配,采用浸渍法处理供试麦蚜,分析植物油乳油对这2种药剂的增效作用.结果表明这3种植物油对20%吡虫啉EC、0.5%阿维菌素EC有明显的增效作用.其中20%吡虫啉EC+葵花油(0.10+10.00、0.10+5.00、0.10+3.33、0.05+10.00、0.05+5.00 mL/L)、0.5%阿维菌素EC+葵花油(1.00+10.00、1.00+5.00、0.50+10.00 mL/L)、20%吡虫啉EC+芝麻油(0.10+10.00、0.10+5.00、0.05+10.00、0.05+5.00 mL/L)、0.5%阿维菌素EC+芝麻油(1.00+10.00、1.00+5.00、0.50+10.00、0.05+5.00 mL/L)、20%吡虫啉EC+花生油(0.10+10.00、0.10+5.00、0.05+10.00、0.05+5.00 mL/L)的校正死亡率都达到了90%以上(以上均为制剂用量).从防治效果和经济的角度,可选用以上的方法进行混配防治麦蚜.     

Greenhouse gas emissions and final compost properties from co-composting bovine specified risk material and mortalities with manure

The increased disposal costs of cattle specified risk materials (SRM) have reduced the competitiveness of the Canadian beef industry. The SRM materials include the skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, palatine tonsils, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. This study investigates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and final compost properties from open windrow co-composting of manure with bovine SRM and mortalities. There were two compost treatments with four replications: SRMC consisting of SRM, cattle manure and barley straw and COWC consisting of cattle mortalities, cattle manure and barley straw. Average windrow temperature was higher (P < 0.05) for SRMC (47.1°C) than for COWC (44.1°C) over the first 139 days. The final compost coliform count, moisture, pH and TC contents were not significantly different between treatments while TN and available N (NH₄ ⁺ + NO₃ ⁻ + NO₂ ⁻) were lower for SRMC than for COWC. The average surface GHG flux from SRMC were 24.3 g C day⁻¹ m⁻² and 0.17 g N day⁻¹ m⁻² for CO₂ and N₂O, respectively, and were not significantly different from those from COWC (31.6 g C day⁻¹ m⁻² and 0.17 g N day⁻¹ m⁻² for CO₂ and N₂O, respectively), but CH₄ emissions from SRMC (0.47 g C day⁻¹ m⁻²) were lower than from COWC (1.57 g C day⁻¹ m⁻²). While a few large bones were left in the cattle mortality treatment, composting decomposed all SRM suggesting that it may be a viable alternative to rendering for SRM disposal.     

Associations with home hemodialysis modality failure and mortality

Background: Limited data exist on risk factors for home hemodialysis (HH) failure and mortality. We sought to determine whether age, helper status, or ethnicity was associated with home dialysis failure or mortality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all prevalent and incident patients from a regional dialysis unit who initiated HH training from December 2000 to September 2002. Baseline demographics, program entry and exit dates, and mortality were ascertained. Characteristics of those more likely to remain in the program were assessed using logistic regression; survival was determined using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Of the 1117 patients enrolled for dialysis, 116 patients were trained in the HH program (6.8%). Of those, 45.7% remained in the program, 10.3% received a transplant, 10.3% returned to in‐center dialysis, 1.7% were lost to follow‐up, and 31.7% expired. Compared to patients who returned to center or received a transplant, patients who remained on HH were more likely to be older, to have been on dialysis longer, and to have diabetes as their primary renal disease. Ethnicity, sex, or type of helper did not affect home program status. Among those who remained in the HH program, those with hypertension or other renal diseases had better survival than those with diabetes, as did those who had related helpers compared to those with unrelated helpers. Conclusions: Older and younger ages, but not ethnicity, helper status, or sex, were associated with home dialysis failure. Diabetes remained an independent risk factor for increased mortality. HH remains a viable option for many patients.     

Physical function was related to mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and dialysis

Previous studies have shown that exercise improves aerobic capacity, muscular functioning, cardiovascular function, walking capacity, and health‐related quality of life (QOL) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis. Recently, additional studies have shown that higher physical activity contributes to survival and decreased mortality as well as physical function and QOL in patients with CKD and dialysis. Herein, we review the evidence that physical function and physical activity play an important role in mortality for patients with CKD and dialysis. During November 2016, Medline and Web of Science databases were searched for published English medical reports (without a time limit) using the terms “CKD” or “dialysis” and “mortality” in conjunction with “exercise capacity,” “muscle strength,” “activities of daily living (ADL),” “physical activity,” and “exercise.” Numerous studies suggest that higher exercise capacity, muscle strength, ADL, and physical activity contribute to lower mortality in patients with CKD and dialysis. Physical function is associated with mortality in patients with CKD and dialysis. Increasing physical function may decrease the mortality rate of patients with CKD and dialysis. Physicians and medical staff should recognize the importance of physical function in CKD and dialysis. In addition, exercise is associated with reduced mortality among patients with CKD and dialysis.     

Estimating joinpoints in continuous time scale for multiple change-point models

Joinpoint models have been applied to the cancer incidence and mortality data with continuous change points. The current estimation method [Lerman, P.M., 1980. Fitting segmented regression models by grid search. Appl. Statist. 29, 77-84] assumes that the joinpoints only occur at discrete grid points. However, it is more realistic that the joinpoints take any value within the observed data range. Hudson [1966. Fitting segmented curves whose join points have to be estimated. J. Amer. Statist. Soc. 61, 1097-1129] provides an algorithm to find the weighted least square estimates of the joinpoint on the continuous scale. Hudson described the estimation procedure in detail for a model with only one joinpoint, but its extension to a multiple joinpoint model is not straightforward. In this article, we describe in detail Hudson's method for the multiple joinpoint model and discuss issues in the implementation. We compare the computational efficiencies of the LGS method and Hudson's method. The comparisons between the proposed estimation method and several alternative approaches, especially the Bayesian joinpoint models, are discussed. Hudson's method is implemented by C++ and applied to the colorectal cancer incidence data for men under age 65 from SEER nine registries.     

Eliminating infant mortality in metallized film capacitors by defect detection

A PoF approach to mitigating infant mortality is proposed which includes (1) conducting reliability capability and product maturity analyses; (2) identifying defects through non-destructive analysis, if possible; and (3) developing electrical tests to screen out early failures. The non-destructive analysis approach was outlined using die attach in a power module as a test bed, while the electrical testing approach was outlined using film capacitors. More data is being gathered to validate that the electrical test provides an early differentiation of change in capacitance over time between good and defective capacitors.     

Associations between calf mortality during days 1 to 90 and herd-level cow and production variables in large Swedish dairy herds

The aim of the study was to describe large Swedish dairy herds with high and low mortality risk in calves during the first 90 d of life, using herd-level data, and to evaluate if high calf mortality risk is associated with other herd-level management variables that influence cow health. A total of 57 Swedish dairy herds met the inclusion criteria of affiliation to the Swedish official milk recording scheme, herd size of ≥140 and ≥160 cows in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, and calf mortality risks, classified as high (HM; calf mortality risk at least 3.5% in 2008/2009 and 5.5% in 2009/2010; n = 28) or low (LM; calf mortality risk less than <1.5% in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010; n = 29), and were thus included in the study. The data used in this study were collected from the Swedish Dairy association during the milking year 2009/2010. For LM herds, the calf mortality risk ranged from 0 to 1.46 (median = 0.66) in 2008/2009 and from 0 to 1.48 (median = 0.67) in 2009/2010. For HM herds, the calf mortality risk ranged from 3.57 to 11.52 (median = 6.15) in 2008/2009 and from 5.88 to 18.23 (median = 8.39) in 2009/2010. Median age at death was 28 d for HM and 37 d for LM herds. Associations between type of herd (HM or LM) and the production variables were evaluated using multi-correspondence analysis and logistic regression models covering the areas “mortality and culling,” “health,” “herd/production variables,” and “fertility.” Herds with HM risks during d 1 to 90 were associated with higher on-farm mortality rate in cows, lower average milk yield, higher incidence of antibiotic treatment, and a higher proportion of purchased animals. These results indicate that herds with HM risk during d 1 to 90 have coexisting issues concerning cow management and health. Future research is needed to evaluate if identifying HM herds and working with advisory and preventive manners at these herds also can be positive for a reduction of on-farm mortality and antibiotic usage, which are important issues from a global perspective.     

Efficacy of contact insecticides for the control of the lesser mealworm,Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus is a common pest of poultry farming facilities, the presence of which harbors diseases and economic loss, but it also occurs in different types of storage and processing facilities, such as feed mills. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of three contact insecticides, alpha cypermethrin, spinosad, and pirimiphos methyl, against adults and larvae of A. diaperinus in a series of two bioassays. In the first series of bioassays, mortality rates were determined after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days of exposure on concrete dishes treated with the above insecticides. The results show that all three insecticides were effective for the control of this species, since after 14 days of exposure mortality exceeded 90% for both adults and larvae. Spinosad had a definite advantage over the other two insecticides, providing complete (100%) insect mortality after 14 days of exposure. In the second series of bioassays, the presence of food was evaluated to determine the effects of immediate and delayed mortality. We found that the presence of food in the concrete dishes decreased the levels of delayed mortality of the exposed individuals. All three insecticides showed an increased level of delayed mortality, either with or without food, but mortality did not reach 100% for any of the combinations tested. These results present a valid series of data for creating a standardized means of control against this pest that has beset poultry facilities for years.