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81.
Temporal persistence and stability of surface soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Satellite soil moisture products, such as those from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), require diverse landscapes for validation. Semi-arid landscapes present a particular challenge to satellite remote sensing validation using traditional techniques because of the high spatial variability and potentially rapid rates of temporal change in moisture conditions. In this study, temporal stability analysis and spatial sampling techniques are used to investigate the representativeness of ground observations at satellite scale soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed for a long study period (March 1, 2002 to September 13, 2005). The watershed utilized, the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, has a dense network of 19 soil moisture sensors, distributed over a 150 km2 study region. In conjunction with this monitoring network, intensive gravimetric soil moisture sampling conducted as part of the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2004 (SMEX04), contributed to the calibration of the network for large-scale estimation during the North American Monsoon System (NAMS). The sensor network is shown to be an excellent estimator of the watershed average with an accuracy of approximately 0.01 m3/m3 soil moisture. However, temporal stability analysis indicated that while much of the network is stable, the soil moisture spatial pattern, as represented by mean relative difference, is not replicated by the network mean relative difference pattern. Rather, the network is composed of statistical samples. Geophysical aspects of the watershed, including topography and soil type are also examined for their influence on the soil moisture variability and stability. Soil type, as characterized by bulk density, clay and sand content, was responsible for nearly 50% of the temporal stability. Topographic effects were less important in defining representativeness and stability. 相似文献
82.
In this paper, a new adaptive neuro controller for trajectory tracking is developed for robot manipulators without velocity measurements, taking into account the actuator constraints. The controller is based on structural knowledge of the dynamics of the robot and measurements of joint positions only. The system uncertainty, which may include payload variation, unknown nonlinearities and torque disturbances is estimated by a Chebyshev neural network (CNN). The adaptive controller represents an amalgamation of a filtering technique to generate pseudo filtered tracking error signals (for the elimination of velocity measurements) and the theory of function approximation using CNN. The proposed controller ensures the local asymptotic stability and the convergence of the position error to zero. The proposed controller is robust not only to structured uncertainty such as payload variation but also to unstructured one such as disturbances. Moreover the computational complexity of the proposed controller is reduced as compared to the multilayered neural network controller. The validity of the control scheme is shown by simulation results of a two-link robot manipulator. Simulation results are also provided to compare the proposed controller with a controller where velocity is estimated by finite difference methods using position measurements only. 相似文献
83.
Izumi Kuroishi 《Nexus Network Journal》2009,11(2):201-216
This paper presents an examination of the process of the development of module in the works and theories of Japanese architect
Ikebe Kiyoshi (1920-79). Ikebe based his idea of module on the belief that “Beauty is Mathematics.” He applied his ideas of
module in various ways from the 1940s to the 1970s. Analyzing his ideas and works against their historical background, the
social and creative meanings of the idea of module and of mathematics in architecture will be re-examined. This allows us
to see how Ikebe developed his ideas of module from a characteristic mathematical approach, and how he developed his idea
of mathematical logic into his creative theories based on the flexible nature of people’s lifestyles and social conditions.
Going beyond the cultural and social differences and the limitations of Le Corbusier’s Modulor, the idea of module as the
method for organizing human space in a harmonious manner was reframed in Ikebe’s works, and was developed in a more flexible
mathematical way. 相似文献
84.
Stephen J. Blackband Richard W. Bowtell Andrew Peters Jonathan C. Sharp Peter Mansfield Edward W. Hsu Nanci Aiken Anthony Horsman 《Magma (New York, N.Y.)》1994,2(3):445-447
Previous NMR microimaging studies at 360 MHz have demonstrated a clear differentiation between the nucleus and cytoplasm in isolated single neurons. In particular, theT
2 of the cell nucleus is 2.5 times larger than that of the cytoplasm. In order to determine the magnitude of possibleT
2
*
influences on these observations, images of single cells have been obtained at 500 MHz using spin-echo and line-narrowing sequences. Comparison of the images acquired by the two sequences, and of the spin-echo images at 360 and 500 MHz, imply that anyT
2
*
contributions are relatively small. Consequently, the measuredT
2 differences in spin-echo imaging represent a true difference in theT
2 relaxation in the two cellular compartments. 相似文献
85.
负荷惯量的准确、在线估计是电力系统电压和频率稳定分析的重要基础。为此,提出了一种基于类噪声的负荷惯量辨识方法,基于系统中时刻存在的类噪声信号跟踪等值负荷惯量的时变特性。考虑到类噪声条件下惯量参数可辨识性较差,采用两阶段辨识的思路,首先对负荷的电磁参数进行辨识,然后基于第一阶段辨识得到的状态变量估计出惯量、转矩系数等机电参数。仿真算例和实测数据分析表明,所提负荷惯量辨识方法能够适应不同变转矩情形下负荷惯量的类噪声辨识需求;相较于恒转矩辨识方法,该方法能够更加准确地反映实际负荷的机电暂态特性,得到稳定、可靠的惯量辨识结果。 相似文献
86.
Testing Concrete E‐modulus at Very Early Ages Through Several Techniques: An Inter‐laboratory Comparison
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B. Delsaute C. Boulay J. Granja J. Carette M. Azenha C. Dumoulin G. Karaiskos A. Deraemaeker S. Staquet 《Strain》2016,52(2):91-109
The design of concrete structures is based on calculation rules, which often do not take into account the very early age behaviour of the material. However, during this period, structural concrete is subjected to strains due to the hydration process of cement. If these strains are restrained by concrete itself or surrounding boundaries, stresses start to build up that can lead to the formation of cracks. Among the parameters involved in the stress build up, the stiffness evolution is of major importance. This paper reports the use of eight different techniques aimed at stiffness evolution assessment, applied on the same concrete mix, in a round robin experimental test within three laboratories. The observations are compared after having expressed the results at the same equivalent age. Both the loading stress rate and amplitude are observed to have an effect of limited importance on the determination of the quasi‐static elastic modulus, which might be explained by very short term creep. Ultrasonic measurements provide values of E‐modulus that are higher than the values provided by the quasi‐static tests at the time of the concrete setting. Similar mechanisms associated to very short term creep could explain the difference between the quasi‐static and high‐frequency elastic modulus. 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
Molly S. Bazilchuk Takashi Sumigawa Takayuki Kitamura Zhiliang Zhang Helge Kristiansen Jianying He 《Advanced Engineering Materials》2018,20(7)
90.
Merle Schmahl Cecilia Müller Reinhard Meinke Erika G. Alves Alcantara Ude D. Hangen Claudia Fleck 《Advanced Engineering Materials》2023,25(10):2201676
Cyclic nanoindentation allows characterizing the influence of single phases and their interactions on fatigue mechanisms. Herein, a method for high cycle fatigue testing by nanoindentation is presented. By combining high- and low-frequency indentation modes, high cycle numbers are achieved while obtaining sufficient data points to reconstruct force–displacement hysteresis loops. A challenge is the stochastic course of thermal drift which is addressed by measuring drift rate in regular low-force holding segments. Drift rates are used to correct the displacement values, yielding reproducible cyclic deformation data as it is shown for two very different materials, a ductile metal and a brittle ceramic. 相似文献