小电流接地电网改进能量法接地选线原理

根据小电流接地电网单相接地故障时电压电流的变化特点,利用中性点电压、故障相电压和零序电流构造的能量曲线的斜率来进行故障选线。该方法不受电网平衡情况和接地电阻大小的影响,对复杂的间歇性电弧接地故障同样有效。MATLAB仿真证明了本文的结论是正确的。     

电镦机中加热电流的BP神经网络预测

以电镦工艺参数作为学习样本,选取了镦粗速度、砧子速度、镦粗压力作为输入参数,加热电流作为输出参数,运 用神经网络BP模型中的Levenberg-Marguardt优化算法对学习样本优化建模,将优化网络的预测结果与实测结果进行 比较,结果表明,BP网络可以很好实现电镦机中加热电流的预测。     

Mapping average equivalized income using robust small area methods

Measures of economic well‐being are often needed for geographically small areas, as economic indicators may be distributed unevenly among the subsets of relatively small regions. We consider small area estimation of average equivalized income. Disposable household income data are usually available only for a sample of households, typically too small to provide reliable estimates for small regions. We consider a small area estimation technique that is robust to outliers, produces results consistent with design weighted estimates obtained for larger areas and yield maps with approximately no shrinkage. The proposed methodology is applied to the Local Labour Systems in Tuscany (Italy).     

电压检测型地面电气设备漏电保护技术改造

煤矿地面电气系统的接地和接零的接线保护方式,与漏电保护装置配合,经实践验证,存在着盲区。为消除安全隐患,对地面三相和单相电气设备漏电保护进行改进,采用电压检测型漏电保护。该漏电保护技术经现场长期实践验证,实现了漏电超过安全电压立即断电的功能,既消除人身触电隐患,又避免漏电保护过于灵敏无法送电,同时还解决了设备正常运行时轻微漏电无法使用漏电保护装置的问题。     

Particle-in-cell simulation for effect of anode temperature on discharge characteristics of a Hall effect thruster

Propellant gas flow has an important impact on the ionization and acceleration process of Hall effect thrusters (HETs). In this paper, a particle-in-cell numerical method is used to study the effect of the anode temperature, i.e., the flow speed of the propellant gas, on the discharge characteristics of a HET. The simulation results show that, no matter the magnitude of the discharge voltage, the calculated variation trends of performance parameters with the anode temperature are in good agreement with the experimental ones presented in the literature. Further mechanism analysis indicates that the magnitude of the electron temperature is responsible for the two opposing variation laws found under different discharge voltages. When the discharge voltage is low, the electron temperature is low, and so is the intensity of the propellant ionization; the variation of the thruster performance with the anode temperature is thereby determined by the variation of the neutral density that affects the propellant utilization efficiency. When the discharge voltage is high, the electron temperature is large enough to guarantee a high degree of the propellant utilization no matter the magnitude of the anode temperature. The change of the thruster performance with the anode temperature is thus dominated by the change of the electron temperature and consequently the electron-neutral collisions as well as the electron cross-field mobility that affect the current utilization efficiency.     

Technical note: Evaluation of a novel enzymatic method to predict in situ undigested neutral detergent fiber of forages and nonforage fibrous feeds

The purpose of this study was to optimize the conditions of a previously proposed enzymatic method used to estimate in situ undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF). We used a multi-step enzymatic approach, in which samples were first solubilized in NaOH solutions as a preincubation (PreInc) phase. After rinsing, samples were incubated (24 h at 39°C) in a buffered solution (pH 6) containing hemicellulase, cellulase, and Viscozyme L enzymes (Sigma-Aldrich s.r.l., Milan, Italy), followed by incubation (24 h at 39°C) in a buffered solution (pH 5) containing xylanase. Two sets of experiments were performed: a calibration trial (that tested different PreInc conditions on 9 selected forages) and a validation trial (that verified the results by testing multiple samples of 6 different forage types and a group of fibrous by-products). In the calibration trial, samples (300 mg in Ankom F57 filter bags; Ankom Technology Corp., Fairport, NY) were preincubated at 39°C in a 0.1 M NaOH solution for 90, 180, or 240 min, or in 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 M NaOH solution for 90 min. The results indicated that the best PreInc method, in terms of intra-laboratory repeatability and estimation of reference in situ values, was 90 min in a 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, we used this PreInc condition to determine enzymatic uNDF of 257 samples in the validation trial. Although the selected method generally had good accuracy in predicting in situ uNDF, inconsistencies were noted for certain forage types. Overall, when enzymatic uNDF was used to predict the in situ uNDF of all samples, the regression was satisfactory (intercept = 7.098, slope = 0.920, R² = 0.73). The regression models developed for alfalfa hays, corn silages, and small grain silages had also acceptable regression performances and mean square error of prediction (MSEP) values, and the main sources of MSEP variation were error due to incomplete (co)variation and random error. Even when R² values were >0.70, the MSEP value of the regression model for grass hays was 149.55, and that for nonforage fibrous feeds was 155.16. Although enzymatic uNDF partially overestimated the in situ uNDF, particularly in grass silages, the proposed procedure seems to be promising for accurately predicting in situ uNDF, because it generally had good repeatability and provided satisfactory estimates of in situ uNDF.     

提高磷酸二铵产品中氮含量方法的探讨

介绍了采用添加硫酸、氯化铵，适当提高管式反应器中氨的质量流量和磷酸（体积流量）的比值，适当提高二次氨化量的方法提高磷酸二铵中的氮含量。     

Computational intelligence modelling of pharmaceutical tabletting processes using bio-inspired optimization algorithms

In pharmaceutical development, it is very useful to exploit the knowledge of the causal relationship between product quality and critical material attributes (CMA) in developing new formulations and products, and optimizing manufacturing processes. With the big data captured in the pharmaceutical industry, computational intelligence (CI) models could potentially be used to identify critical quality attributes (CQA), CMA and critical process parameters (CPP). The objective of this study was to develop computational intelligence models for pharmaceutical tabletting processes, for which bio-inspired feature selection algorithms were developed and implemented for optimisation while artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to predict the tablet characteristics such as porosity and tensile strength. Various pharmaceutical excipients (MCC PH 101, MCC PH 102, MCC DG, Mannitol Pearlitol 200SD, Lactose, and binary mixtures) were considered. Granules were also produced with dry granulation using roll compaction. The feed powders and granules were then compressed at various compression pressures to produce tablets with different porosities, and the corresponding tensile strengths were measured. For the CI modelling, the efficiency of seven bio-inspired optimization algorithms were explored: grey wolf optimization (GWO), bat optimization (BAT), cuckoo search (CS), flower pollination algorithm (FPA), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and social spider optimization (SSO). Two-thirds of the experimental dataset was randomly chosen as the training set, and the remaining was used to validate the model prediction. The model efficiency was evaluated in terms of the average reduction (representing the fraction of selected input variables) and the mean square error (MSE). It was found that the CI models can well predict the tablet characteristics (i.e. porosity and tensile strength). It was also shown that the GWO algorithm was the most accurate in predicting porosity. While the most accurate prediction for the tensile strength was achieved using the SSO algorithm. In terms of the average reduction, the GA algorithm resulted in the highest reduction of inputs (i.e. 60%) for predicting both the porosity and the tensile strength.     

抗直流偏磁的变压器中性点接地方式探讨

直流偏磁现象将影响变压器的正常运行,变压器承受直流偏磁的能力是电力系统稳定运行的前提。为此,建立宜昌地区变压器中性点直流电流分布模型,根据变压器噪声限值,确定变压器中性点电流的最大值,据此提出一种抑制直流偏磁的中性点优化接线方式配置。并且基于宜昌地区Relay CAC模型,对优化后零序电流保护的灵敏度进行了校核。仿真结果显示,通过使同一变电站内投运的两台变电站同时接地,每一台变压器中性点通过的电流均能降低至限值以下,同时,Relay CAC仿真结果验证了中性点接地方式调整后,各线路零序保护的灵敏度出现了一定程度的变化,但均满足灵敏度要求。