用热重法研究不同煤种的多段加氢热解过程

在了解煤加氢热解特性的基础上,对不同煤种的多段加氢热解过程进行了热重分析,结果表明：在煤加氢热解峰温附近的停留能显著增加煤的转化率,这主要是因为氢气的供应与自由基的生成速度的充分匹配;采用快速升温多段停留的工艺可以达到慢速升温时的转化率,可节省反应时间并增加油的收率;不同煤种的多段停留效果取决于煤本身的结构特点,具有较高H／C比的煤的多段停留效果较显著,说明外在氢的存在促进了煤中内在氢与自由基的反应,多段加氢热解过程可提高煤的脱硫率、脱氮率。     

葛粉的非等温动力学研究

利用TG/DTA技术,考察不同升温速率下葛粉的热分解特性,研究葛粉热分解动力学,运用Kissinger法、Coats-Redfern法和Achar法对非等温动力学数据进行了分析。研究结果表明：在氮气气氛下,葛粉在280℃左右开始分解,至400℃以上基本分解完毕,反应机理函数的积分形式和微分形式分别为：G（α）=[（1-α）-1/3-1]2和f（α）=3/2（1-α）4/3[（1-α）-1/3-1]-1,对应的机理为三维扩散模型。     

减四线馏分油的热容测定及热力学性质研究

测试了减四线馏分油低温热容 ,并进行了热重 /微分热重 (TG/DTG)和差示扫描量热 (DSC)分析。在 80～ 373K温区 ,用高精度全自动绝热量热仪测定了热容值 ,用最小二乘法对实验测量值进行拟合 ,建立了热容随温度变化的多项式方程。从减四线馏分油的热容曲线 ,发现该样品从固相变为液相 ,存在着两个熔化峰 ,分别为 2 94 .17K和 331.5 7K ,后者为熔化主峰。以此为熔点 ,计算出熔化焓、熔化熵分别为 88.19J/g和0 .2 6 6 0J/ (K·g)。从TG/DTG分析曲线发现该油样在 5 73K开始失重 ,到 6 6 3K失重速度达到最大 ,可能是由于样品蒸发引起。从DSC分析曲线 ,发现样品除 333K附近出现熔化吸热峰外 ,在 5 73K到 873K范围还出现一系列吸热峰 ,可能与样品的蒸发和热分解有关。     

原子吸收光谱法测定TG6钛合金中痕量铁不确定度的分析

通过对原子吸收光谱法测定TG6钛合金中痕量铁的不确定度的系统分析,阐述了测量结果不确定度主要来源于测量试液中铁的浓度、试液定容体积及样品质量产生的不确定度,并对这些分量进行了量化计算,最后计算出合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。同时通过评估,得出影响铁含量测定不确定度的主要因素是测量试液中铁浓度引起的不确定度。     

Liquid phase formation in the system AlN–Al2O3–Y2O3. Part I: Experimental investigations

The liquid phase formation in the system AlN–Al₂O₃–Y₂O₃ was investigated via differential thermal analysis (DTA) combined with thermogravimetry (TG). For this purpose 17 samples covering a broad composition area of the quasi-ternary system were densified and heat-treated to achieve the equilibrium state. Melting temperatures were determined by DTA. SEM, EDX and XRD were used to study the phase assemblages and microstructures formed. The results were compared with thermodynamic calculations.     

Energy consumption during dewatering process affected by carboxyl on coal surface

The energy consumption during dewatering and carboxyl concentrations on the surfaces of six different coals were examined. Three stages of dewatering were investigated based on the energy consumption. The water in the spaces between coal particles and large pores, water in progressively smaller capillaries and pores, water clusters around the functional groups, and water directly absorbed by oxygen functional groups were subsequently removed with increasing energy consumption. The moisture present in three forms was significantly affected by carboxyl concentrations. In the first and second stages, the energy consumption at the same residual moisture content was closely related to the carboxyl concentrations. Even at the same ratio of moisture content to carboxyl concentration, energy consumption increased with an increase in carboxyl concentration on coal surface in the second stage.     

Influence of mass transfer on thermogravimetric analysis of combustion and gasification reactivity of coke

Non-isothermal TG/DTG measurements are widely used to determine kinetic parameters of oxidation and gasification of carbons, e.g. by multi-heating rate methods. Thereby it is important to avoid spurious effects due to diffusion limitations. In this work, TG/DTG experiments with activated carbon were conducted under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The agreement of the experimental results with results of simulations based on the intrinsic kinetics, pore diffusion and external diffusion in/to the sample (crucible) is very good. The simulations show that mass transfer has an unwanted influence on TG measurements, if the concentration of the gaseous reactant (O₂ and CO₂) is too low and/or the heating rate is too high. Based on literature data, the simulation was extended to blast furnace coke with a very low reactivity and to highly reactive coke from pyrolysis of miscanthussinensis. The simulations and theoretical considerations lead to a criterion to exclude the influence of mass transfer on TG measurements a priori. This criterion is valid for combustion as well as for gasification with steam or carbon dioxide.     

DNTF的非等温结晶研究-Ⅰ.在HMX中的结晶动力学

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)在HMX中的非等温结晶行为,介绍了几种结晶动力学的数学模型,并用于DNTF结晶动力学的数据处理,对获得的结果进行了比较。结果表明,HMX能降低DNTF的过冷度,有效消除自加热。利用Avrami方程得到了DNTF的结晶动力学指数n,从而确定了结晶过程的机理函数g(α)。用Kissinger方程获得了结晶的动力学参数活化能。同时,还用Avrami-Ozawa方程获得了该结晶过程的Ozawa指数m以及反映结晶速率快慢的温度函数F(T),数据表明Avrami-Ozawa方程能够较好描述DNTF的非等温结晶过程。     

Effect of fatty acid positional distribution and triacylglycerol composition on lipid by-products formation during heat treatment: I. Polymer formation

Effects of the fatty acid positional distribution and of the triacylglycerol (TG) composition on polymerization of TG during heat treatment were studied. Diacid TG molecules, acylated only with linoleic acid or linolenic acid along with palmitic acid, and positioned either in the central position (PLP and PLnP, respectively) or in one of the two outer positions (PPL and PPLn, respectively) were synthesized. Monoacid TG, i.e., trilinolein and trilinolenin, were also synthesized and mixed with tripalmitin in a 1:2 ratio. These model TG were also compared to TG models that consisted of a canola oil and its randomized counterpart, whose fatty acid positional distribution and TG composition were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After heating, the polymer content and composition were evaluated by HPLC-size exclusion chromatography. Both pure TG and the canola oil models showed that acylation of polyunsaturated acids in the central position was protective against polymerization, although the effect was mainly observed with linolenic acid. The synthetic-TG study showed that the monoacid TG species exhibited higher sensitivity toward polymerization than the diacid species. The slight differences in the TG species between both canola oils did not allow observation of such a relationship with regard to TG composition.     

Structural properties and HDS activity of NiMo catalysts supported on lanthana modified zeolite type X and Y

In the search for the active catalysts of hydrodesulfurization reaction, an attempt was made to use zeolites as supports. A series of NaLaX, Mo/NaLaX and NiMo/NaLaX as well as NaLaY, Mo/NaLaY and NiMo/NaLaY catalysts was prepared and their performance in this reaction was studied. It was shown that crystalline structure of the lanthana forms of the above zeolites only little collapsed after ion-exchange and impregnation with active Mo and NiMo components. The NiMo catalysts supported on the zeolites studied were found active in thiophene hydrodesulfurization. The catalysts with lanthana after the first step of ion exchange were the most active.