Biomass Thermogravimetric Analysis: Uncertainty Determination Methodology and Sampling Maps Generation

The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the determination of the maximum sampling error and confidence intervals of thermal properties obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TG), including moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content. The sampling procedure of the TG analysis was of particular interest and was conducted with care. The results of the present study were compared to those of a prompt analysis, and a correlation between the mean values and maximum sampling errors of the methods were not observed. In general, low and acceptable levels of uncertainty and error were obtained, demonstrating that the properties evaluated by TG analysis were representative of the overall fuel composition. The accurate determination of the thermal properties of biomass with precise confidence intervals is of particular interest in energetic biomass applications.     

不同模型燃气管道动态模拟的对比分析

介绍了燃气管道模拟的基本方程，分析了目前常用于燃气管道动态模拟的数学模型及各自特点，通过计算实例分析了等温模型与不等温模型动态模拟结果的误差。     

加入不同种类成核剂抗冲击共聚PP的非等温结晶动力学

采用差示扫描量热仪研究了加入羧酸盐类成核剂和有机磷酸盐类成核剂的抗冲击共聚聚丙烯2500H的熔融、结晶和非等温结晶行为。结果表明:加入质量分数为0.02%的成核剂后,2500H的结晶度和所有结晶特征温度均提高,其中,结晶度提高0.3%~3.0%,结晶温度提高4.4~11.0℃,结晶起始温度提高4.4~12.2℃,结晶终止温度提高6.3~11.6℃。与加入有机磷酸盐类成核剂的2500H相比,加入羧酸盐类成核剂的2500H具有更低的结晶过冷度,成核能力相对较高;但加入有机磷酸盐类成核剂的2500H表现出更快的结晶速率,而加入羧酸盐类成核剂的2500H虽然在高温条件下能促使2500H较快形成晶核,但并不利于结晶速率的提高。     

FeTiO3-Fe2O3固溶体合成及其碳热还原研究

为明确Fe₂O₃固溶对FeTiO₃还原过程的影响机理,本文基于粉末煅烧法合成(1-x)FeTiO₃?xFe₂O₃固溶体(0≤x≤1),研究了非等温碳热还原条件下固溶体的还原行为,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)对合成固溶体及还原产物进行表征。结果表明,实验合成固溶体质地均匀,纯度较高,且x越大,FeTiO₃晶格畸变程度越大。固溶体开始还原温度和还原速率(还原度α的增大速率)均随着x值的增加而增加。固溶Fe₂O₃能够促进FeTiO₃还原,且在还原过程中存在过渡相Fe₂TiO₄和Fe₃Ti₃O₁₀。固溶体-石墨交界面首先形成浮士体(FeO)、钛铁尖晶石(Fe₂TiO₄)和TiO₂,进一步还原生成金属Fe和Ti₂O₃。非等温碳热还原过程动力学计算分析,得出表观活化能为295.54 kJ/mol。     

硫酸钙晶须及硅灰石纤维填充PA6复合材料的非等温结晶动力学研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了尼龙6(PA6)及其两种复合材料的非等温结晶行为,分别采用Jeziorny法和Mo法对非等温结晶动力学进行了分析,经计算得到相应的非等温结晶动力学参数。结果表明,硫酸钙晶须和硅灰石纤维的加入都能降低复合材料体系的结晶温度;硅灰石纤维的加入可以很好的促进PA6复合材料的结晶,有效的提高体系的结晶速率,而相同含量的硫酸钙晶须对PA6复合材料有一定的阻碍作用,降低了体系的结晶速率。     

马来酸酐化增容剂对PP/PET共混物性能的影响

采用熔融共混法制备了聚丙烯(PP)/聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)共混物,研究了马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)和马来酸酐接枝乙烯/辛烯共聚物(POE-g-MAH)作为增容剂对共混物力学性能和非等温结晶行为的影响。结果表明:PP-g-MAH提高了共混体系的拉伸强度,加入POE-g-MAH则显著提高共混物的断裂伸长率;当PP∶PET∶增容剂质量比为80∶20∶5时,共混体系的力学性能较好;PET起到异相成核的作用,使PP的结晶峰温升高,半结晶时间缩短;加入增容剂,使PP的结晶峰温降低,半结晶时间延长。     

小分子化合物对神华煤结构组成和热行为的影响

小分子化合物是通过二硫化碳、四氢呋喃、甲醇三种溶剂对神华煤进行逐级索氏抽提获得的。利用红外光谱和热重分析分别对原煤和抽掉小分子化合物后的残煤进行测试,可知小分子化合物被抽出后,煤的结构组成及热行为均发生了变化,残煤的脂肪烃和环烷烃基团明显减少,热失重速率降低,最大失重温度向高温段移动。     

碳氮比对Ti(C,N)粉末抗氧化性的影响

本文对不同碳氮比Ti(C,N)固溶体粉末分别进行了等温氧化和非等温氧化,通过TG-DSC热分析、氧化动力学分析和物相分析,研究了碳氮原子比对Ti(C,N)粉末氧化行为的影响。Ti(C,N)粉末在O2气流中从室温加热至1 000~1 200℃的非等温氧化,以及在650℃的静置空气中的等温氧化。结果表明,Ti(C,N)粉末在非等温氧化过程中,氧化过程可分为2个阶段或3个阶段,第1氧化阶段氧化脱氮占主导地位,第2氧化阶段氧化脱碳占主导地位,Ti(C0.5,N0.5)粉末表现出最优的抗氧化性能。在650℃的等温氧化中,Ti(C,N)粉末氧化遵循随机形核动力学模型,Ti(C0.7,N0.3)具有最小的一阶速率常数,表现出最优的抗氧化性能。初始氧化固体产物为锐钛矿结构TiO2,随氧化时间延长,逐渐向金红石结构TiO2转变。     

联苯酚醛环氧树脂固化动力学及热性能研究

以4,4'-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)为固化剂,采用非等温示差扫描量热法(DSC)研究了联苯酚醛环氧树脂(BPNE)的固化动力学。通过外推法确定了体系的固化工艺。采用Kissinger、Ozawa法计算出固化体系的表观活化能,根据Crane理论计算得到该体系的固化反应级数。采用DSC,热重分析(TGA)研究了固化物的耐热性。结果表明:BPNE的固化工艺为160℃/2h+200℃/2h+230℃/2h;固化反应的活化能约为61.86kJ/mol,指前因子为5.27×105min-1,反应级数为1.1;玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为167℃,其10%热失重温度为398.1℃,800℃残炭率为29.37%,与双酚A环氧树脂/DDS固化物相比,分别提高了22℃,11.71%。     

A novel intumescent flame‐retardant epoxy resins system

Pentaerythritol diphosphonate melamine–dicyandiamide–formaldehyde resin salt, a novel macromolecular intumescent flame retardants (IFR), was synthesized, and its structure was a caged bicyclic macromolecule containing phosphorus characterized by IR, NMR and element analysis. The flame retardancy and thermal behavior of a new IFR system for epoxy resin were investigated by LOI, UL‐94 test, TG, and IR. Activation energy for the decomposition of samples was obtained using Kissinger equation. 25% of weight of IFR were doped into epoxy resin to get 27.5 of LOI and UL 94 V‐0. The TG curves and IR spectra show that IFR decreases the initial decomposition temperature and the maximum weight loss rate of epoxy resin, and enhances the thermal stability of epoxy resin at high temperatures and char yield. The activation energy for epoxy resin containing IFR was decreased by 44.8 kJ/mol, which shows that IFR can catalyze decomposition of epoxy resin. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010