GC–MS characterization of oligomers in polyadipates used as plasticizers for PVC in food contact

Fourteen commercial polyadipates and a polysebacate were analysed for their components of a molecular mass below 1000 Da, primarily with the aim of generating the background data for measuring the migration of this type of polymeric additives from plasticized PVC (e.g. cling films and gaskets of lids) into foods or food simulants. Since the composition of the material <1000 Da varies between the polyadipates, the main components must be identified to enable a correct quantification. Polyadipates differ in the diol used as linker, their termination (acid or alcohol) and in the end‐capping (free alcohols, acetylation, acylation with fatty acids, esterification with octanol/decanol). Gas chromatography (GC) provides good separation, but the material remaining in the column up to high temperatures decomposes and forms a hump in the rear part of the chromatogram. Examples of mass spectra are shown, the most indicative fragments pointed out and spectra of 159 components listed. The polyadipates and the sebacate are characterized by their structure, the main components <1000 Da and the fraction of material <1000 Da. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人口系统迁移过程的参数辨识及其仿真

本文以系统辨识为工具，提出了迁移过程定量研究的一种方法，即运用随机牛顿法于时变系统中以辨识模型迁移表参量，同时结合卡尔曼滤波技术辨识迁移过程中另一参数－总和迁移率，将这两者融为一体，形成了辨识迁移模型参量的递推算法。本文又借助微分方程的稳定性理论讨论了净迁移情形下的辨识算法的收敛性，给出算法收敛的一个充分条件。     

厚膜导体的金属迁移研究

金属迁移能导致混合微电路发生灾难性失效。本文介绍一种简单易行的测试方法－水滴试验法，来测量厚膜电路的实际金属迁移率。用引方法测量时，发现Ｐｄ－Ａｇ导体的迁移率最大，Ｐｔ－Ａｕ导体的金属迁移率最小。     

网络管理体系间迁移方法的探讨

本文提出了在异质型互连网络环境下为实现统一的网络管理可能出现的管理信息共享问题。为此，作者深入探讨，分析了目前国外为实现这种管理信息共享所采用的几种迁移方法；协议迁移，接口迁移和ＭＩＢ迁移。     

Using airborne laser scanning to monitor tree migration in the boreal-alpine transition zone

The boreal tree line is expected to advance upwards into the mountains and northwards into the tundra due to global warming. The major objective of this study was to find out if it is possible to use high-resolution airborne laser scanner data to detect very small trees — the pioneers that are pushing the tree line up into the mountains and out onto the tundra. The study was conducted in a sub-alpine/alpine environment in southeast Norway. A total of 342 small trees of Norway spruce, Scots pine, and downy birch with tree heights ranging from 0.11 to 5.20 m were precisely georeferenced and measured in field. Laser data were collected with a pulse density of 7.7 m^− 2. Three different terrain models were used to process the airborne laser point cloud in order to assess the effects of different pre-processing parameters on small tree detection. Greater than 91% of all trees > 1 m tall registered positive laser height values regardless of terrain model. For smaller trees (< 1 m), positive height values were found in 5-73% of the cases, depending on the terrain model considered. For this group of trees, the highest rate of trees with positive height values was found for spruce. The more smoothed the terrain model was, the larger the portion of the trees that had positive laser height values. The accuracy of tree height derived from the laser data indicated a systematic underestimation of true tree height by 0.40 to 1.01 m. The standard deviation for the differences between laser-derived and field-measured tree heights was 0.11-0.73 m. Commission errors, i.e., the detection of terrain objects — rocks, hummocks — as trees, increased significantly as terrain smoothing increased. Thus, if no classification of objects into classes like small trees and terrain objects is possible, many non-tree objects with a positive height value cannot be separated from those actually being trees. In a monitoring context, i.e., repeated measurements over time, we argue that most other objects like terrain structures, rocks, and hummocks will remain stable over time while the trees will change as they grow and new trees are established. Thus, this study indicates that, given a high laser pulse density and a certain density of newly established trees, it would be possible to detect a sufficient portion of newly established trees over a 10 years period to claim that tree migration is taking place.     

FPSO的现状与关键技术

FPSO(浮式生产系统)是海洋油气开发中极具竞争力的海工设备,它兼有生产和储油的双重作用,具有适应水深范围广、抗风浪能力强、投资较省、见效快、可重复使用、风险小等特点,适用于远离海岸的中、深海及边际油田开发。文章分析了国内外FPSO的发展现状,介绍了FPSO的种类以及FPSO的海底井口、船体、系泊定位、油气处理、储油与外输等5大系统,简述了FPSO主体结构的设计原则,对FPSO的荷载组合及特殊部位进行了说明,并提出了发展建议。     

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位于准噶尔盆地腹部的陆梁油气田是准噶尔盆地的又一个亿吨级油气田。笔者运用地球化学方法分析了陆梁油气田石炭纪—早白垩世地层水的类型、平面和纵向分布特征，将其划分为3个水文地质旋回，第一旋回为石炭系—三叠系，为深层静止开放的滞流型水力系统；第二旋回为侏罗系八道湾组—西山窑组，为中层弱开放的压实驱动型水力系统；第三旋回为侏罗系头屯河组—白垩系，为浅层强开放的重力驱动型水力系统。第一、二水文地质旋回是油气生成和初次运移的有利时期，淋滤期前的一段时间是油气二次运移和成藏的较好时期，第三水文地质旋回是油气藏破坏及次生油气藏形成的时期。     

复杂构造叠后逆时深度偏移

本文从三维波动方程出发，导出了用于三维叠后逆时偏移的无层间反 波动方程，并给出了其数虎法和稳定性条件。     

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩干酪根13C核磁共振研究

柴达木盆地北缘是柴达木盆地三大油气区之一,其源岩为早、中侏罗世煤系地层.烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅲ₁型和Ⅱ型干酪根为主,Ⅰ₂型干酪根仅在局部地区有分布.通过对柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩中不同类型干酪根的¹³C核磁共振研究,指出了研究区Ⅰ₂、Ⅱ、Ⅲ₁型干酪根的化学结构特征以及化学结构中“芳构碳”、“油潜力碳”与“气潜力碳”的相对含量,据此从定量分析的角度对不同类型干酪根的生油气贡献作了评价.Ⅰ₂、Ⅱ、Ⅲ₁型干酪根的生烃能力依次减弱,对生油的贡献也依次减弱,且生成油气的比例不同,Ⅰ₂、Ⅱ型干酪根以生油为主,Ⅲ₁型干酪根则以生气为主.     

解放思想 与时是 创新技术 加强管理 为实现油田高水平高效益开发而奋斗—在2001年度大庆油田有限责任公司开发技术座谈会上的讲话

对大庆油田2001年开发技术工作进行了总体评价，分析了油田开发所面临形势和存在的问题，提出的200年油田开发工作总体思路和目标是：紧紧围绕“高水平，高效益，可持续发展”的工作方针，认真按照“发展稳油控水技术，加快三次采油研究步伐，深化油藏地质研究，优化规划方案设计，强化油田科学管理，提高开发总体效益”的要求，进一步解放思想，与时俱进，突破四人束缚，创新九项技术，强化六项管理，加强队伍建设，把油田开发工作推向一个新的水平。