Multi-site phase transfer catalyst assisted radical polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate using potassium peroxydisulphate as initiator – a kinetic study

In this work, the kinetics and mechanism of free-radical polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) using potassium peroxydisulphate (PDS) as water soluble initiator in the presence of synthesized 1, 4-Bis (tributyl methyl ammonium) benzene dichloride (TBMABDC) as multi-site phase transfer catalyst (MPTC) was studied. The polymerisation reactions were carried out under inert and unstirred conditions at constant temperature of 60 ± 1°C in cyclohexane/water biphase media. The role of concentrations of monomer, initiator, catalyst and volume fraction of aqueous phase, solvent polarity and temperature on the rate of polymerisation (Rp) was ascertained. The order with respect to monomer and initiator was found to be unity. The order with respect to catalyst was found to be 0.51. The rate of polymerisation is independent of ionic strength and pH of the medium. However, an increase in the polarity of solvent has slightly increased the Rp value. Based on the results obtained, a suitable kinetic scheme has been proposed to account for the experimental observations and its significance discussed.     

Total simulation model of the thermo-mechanical process in shape rolling of steel rods

The production of steel reinforcing bars for civil engineering is investigated by means of FEM-simulation. An integrated system for computing appropriate thermo-mechanical parameters of the rolling process is proposed. Generalized plane strain approach and coupled thermal-mechanical solution are applied. The microstructural model combines both the effect of the recrystallization mechanisms (static, dynamic and metadynamic) upon the austenite grain forming in hot rolling and that of phase transformation upon the final microstructure. The phases are created during interrupted below the temperature of martensite transition cooling. Thus a typical industrial process for thermo-mechanical strengthening of reinforcing bars, known as Tempcor-process is considered. Computational results are validated to experimental measured mechanical properties of the steel. By means of computer simulation the system can perform different solutions, giving the possibility to obtain a reasonable choice of different thermo-mechanical rolling conditions.     

Vibration cavitation behaviour of selected Ni-Mn-Ga alloys

Vibration cavitation erosion tests were carried out on Ni-Mn-Ga alloys of three different crystal structures: (1) the cubic austenite, (2) the non-modulated tetragonal martensite (T) and (3) the five-layered martensite (5M). All Ni-Mn-Ga alloys exhibited cavitation behaviour characterized by a step-wise curve of mass loss versus test time. This behaviour is correlated to the microstructural nature of the alloys as well as the surface conditions of the pre-test samples. The type and concentration of the defects at the surfaces were critical to the cavitation resistance of the alloys. The best cavitation resistant alloy was of a cubic austenitic structure, followed with the alloy of a tetragonal T-martensite. The largest material loss was found in the alloy with a 5M martensite. All the studied Ni-Mn-Ga alloys had an excellent cavitation resistance compared to that of the reference stainless steel, and they even excelled some NiTi alloys found in literature. This may be due to the superelasticity of the cubic austenite and the twinning of the martensitic phases.     

Structural transformation of FePt nanocomposite films during annealing and its effects on magnetic properties

Fe100-xPtx(x=30at.%-60at.% ) nanocomposite films were deposited on natural-oxidized Si(100) substrates by magnetron sputtering. The as-deposited films were annealed between 373 and 1073 K. In situ X-ray diffraction shows that the FePt nanocomposite films undergo a phase transformation from a disordered FCC phase to an ordered L10 phase between 673 and 773 K. The coercivity is 306 kA·m-1 whiles the average grain sizes is about 10 nm in the optimized FePt alloy film sample annealed at 673K. The adjustable coercivity and fine grain size suggest that this FePt nanocomposites system is suitable as recording media at extremely high areal density.     

行波管放大器相位噪声的分析及其抑制

主要分析规则调相信号对行波管放大器频谱纯度的影响,并且根据行波管放大器相位噪声产生的过程和原因,提出两种抑制相位噪声的方法.     

横向各向同性介质中的初至波旅行时计算

本文直接采用Thomsen导出的横向各向同性介质中的相速度、群角与相角、群速度与相速度的精确函数关系,提出了一种新的具有任意各向异性强度的横向各向同性介质中的初至波旅行时计算方法,它不同于Faria等人给出的采用群速度近似公式(Byun)的仅适应弱各向异性的初至波旅行时计算方法。该新算法在计算具有任意各向异性强度的横向各向同性介质中的初至波旅行时时,并不显著地增大计算时间。分析对比由新算法得到的初至波旅行时的等值线图和由交错网格有限差分波场模拟得到的波场快照表明,无论是对弱各向异性还是对强弱各向异性,新算法都具有较高的精度;随着各向异性强度的增大,新算法的计算结果与采用近似公式计算结果的差值也随之增大。     

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白马庙气田蓬莱镇气藏储层致密 ,孔隙结构复杂 ,非均质性强 ,单井产能低 ,研究储层特征和受控因素 ,加强储层改造方是气藏效益开发的出路。储层精细研究揭示 ,气井产能受沉积相和构造条件控制 ;高、中产井与大而厚、物性好的河口坝、河道砂坝沉积微相有关 ,纵向上具很强的层段性 ,主产层集中在Ⅳ～③、Ⅲ～③两套砂组 ,其钻探成功率分别达 82 %和 10 0 % ;平面上多分布于主体构造和东南鼻状突起 ,二者高、中产能井分别占 30 %和 70 %。在深入的地质研究和储层压裂评层选井的基础上 ,采用多层打开、分层压裂、多层合采的方法可提高气井产能 ,并形成了一套行之有效的压裂评层选井的综合配套技术。采用该技术优选出 19口井 ,已实施 5口井全获成功 ,气产量成倍或十几倍增加 ,其中白浅 4 5井气无阻流量高达 18× 10 4m3 /d ,白浅 38井投产 16 5d净增产值 10 0余万元     

On strategies for enforcing interfacial constraints and evaluating jump conditions with the extended finite element method

We consider a problem stemming from recent models of phase transitions in stimulus‐responsive hydrogels, wherein a sharp interface separates swelled and collapsed phases. Extended finite element methods that approximate the local solution with an enriched basis such that the mesh need not explicitly ‘fit’ the interface geometry are emphasized. Attention is focused on the weak enforcement of the normal configurational force balance and various options for evaluating the jump in the normal component of the solute flux at the interface. We show that as the reciprocal interfacial mobility vanishes, it plays the role of a penalty parameter enforcing a pure Dirichlet constraint, eventually triggering oscillations in the interfacial velocity. We also examine alternative formulations employing a Lagrange multiplier to enforce this constraint. It is shown that the most convenient choice of basis for the Lagrange multiplier results in oscillations in the multiplier field and a decrease in accuracy and rate of convergence in local error norms, suggesting a lack of stability in the discrete formulation. Under such conditions, neither the direct evaluation of the gradient of the approximation at the phase interface nor the interpretation of the Lagrange multiplier field provide a robust means to obtain the jump in the normal component of solute flux. Fortunately, the adaptation and use of local, domain‐integral methodologies considerably improves the flux evaluations. Several example problems are presented to compare and contrast the various techniques and methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constitutive modelling and numerical simulation of multivariant phase transformation in superelastic shape‐memory alloys

This work concerns the micromechanical constitutive modelling, algorithmic implementation and numerical simulation of polycrystalline superelastic alloys under multiaxial loading. The model is formulated in finite deformations and incorporates the effect of texture. The numerical implementation is based on the constrained minimization of the Helmholtz free energy with dissipation. Simulations are conducted for thin tubes of Nitinol under tension–torsion, as well as for a simplified model of a biomedical stent. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A three‐dimensional model describing stress‐temperature induced solid phase transformations: solution algorithm and boundary value problems

An always increasing knowledge on material properties as well as a progressively more sophisticated production technology make shape memory alloys (SMA) extremely interesting for the industrial world. At the same time, SMA devices are typically characterized by complex multi‐axial stress states as well as non‐homogeneous and non‐isothermal conditions both in space and time. This aspect suggests the finite element method as a useful tool to help and improve application design and realization. With this aim, we focus on a three‐dimensional macroscopic thermo‐mechanical model able to reproduce the most significant SMA features (Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 2002; 55 : 1255–1264), proposing a simple modification of such a model. However, the suggested modification allows the development of a time‐discrete solution algorithm, which is more effective and robust than the one previously discussed in the literature. We verify the computational tool ability to simulate realistic mechanical boundary value problems with prescribed temperature dependence, studying three SMA applications: a spring actuator, a self‐expanding stent, a coupling device for vacuum tightness. The effectiveness of the model to solve thermo‐mechanical coupled problems will be discussed in a forthcoming work. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.